〔27〕参见王建华：《城市史》，《世界史研究动态》1986年第12期；史明正：《美国城市史学的回顾与展望》，《美国研究》1989年第1期。
    〔28〕参见戴维·布朗和约翰·沃德韦尔编：《城市向农村迁移的新趋势--美国农村人口的转变》（David Brown & John Wardwell,New Directions in Urban-Rural Migration,The Population Turnaround in Rural America），纽约1980年版，“序言”第14－15页。
    〔29〕Everett Lee et al,Population Redistribution and Economic Growth UnitedStates 1870-1950,Vol.1,Methodolog ical Considerations and Reference Tables,Philadelphia 1957,Vo1.2,Simon Kuznes et al,Analyses of Economic Change,1960;Vol.3,Hope Eldridge et al,Demographic Analyses and Interrelations,194.
    〔30〕Daniel Jhnson,Rex Cambell.Black Migration in America,Durbam,N.C.,9181.
    〔31〕Neil Fligstein，Going North，Migration of Blacks and Whites from theSouth1900--1950，New York 1981.
    〔32〕Joe Trotter.Jr.,ed.,The Great Migration in Historical Perspective,Boomington1991.
    〔33〕Blake McKelvey，The Urbanizationof America1860-1915，NewJersey1963；The Emergence of Metropolitan America1916-1966，NewJersey，1968.
    〔34〕Sam Warner,Jr.,The Urban Wilderness-A History of the AmericanCity,Berkeky,1972，1995年增加Charles Tilly 所作的序言。
    〔35〕小萨姆·沃纳：《城市的荒野》第154页。
    〔36〕William Cronon,Nature's Metropolis,Chicago and the Great West,N.Y.,1991.
    〔37〕Carl Abboff，Urban America in the Modern Age:1920 to the Present,Arlingeon Heights:Harlan Davidon Ine,1987,Tne New Urban America:Growthand Politics in Sunbelt Cities,University of North Carolina Press,1987;The Metropolitan Frontier;Cities in Modern Urban West,University of ArizonaPress,1993.