〔21〕见《美国总统经济报告,1991年》表B30; 《美国总统经济报告,1995年》,表B-30。 〔22〕G.William Hoagland,"The Effectiveness of CurrentTransfer Programs in Reducing Poverty," Pual M.Sommers,ed.,Welfare Reform in America Perpectives and Prospects, Kluwr -Nijhoff Published,1980,pp.58,60. 〔23〕《美国总统经济报告,1964 年》, Table 4. SelectedCharacteristics and of Poor Families,1962,p.61. 〔24〕〔25〕〔美〕《美国的贫困·文选》,第110-111页。参见Sara S.McLanahan,Annemette Sorensen, Dorothy Watson, SexDifferences in Poverty,1950-1980,Signs 1989,15 (1), pp.102-104. 〔26〕《世界日报》,1995年7月6日。 〔27〕〔美〕《美国统计摘要》,1984年,第71、471、484页。 〔28〕〔美〕《美国总统经济报告,1980年》,表B-25 货币收入(以1978美元计,1947-1978),第232页,1980年英文版。 〔29〕Sheldon Danziger, "The War on Income Poverty:Achievements and Failures," in Paul M. Sommers, WelfareReform in America:Perpectives and Prospects, Kluwr NijhoffPublkidhed,1980.p.47.《美国总统经济报考报告,1990》。 〔30〕《美国总统经济报告,1980年》 〔31〕〔美〕《美国总统经济报告,1966年》,表18.Number ofPoor Households and Poverty,by Race,1959 and 1964,p.112. 〔32〕《美国总统经济报告,1964年》,Table 7. Number ofFamilies and Incidence of Poverty, by Selected FamilyCharacteristics,1947 and 1962,p.71.〔美〕赫尔曼·P.米勒(Herman P.Miller )编:《美国的贫困类型》(Poverty, AmericanStyle),华盛顿出版公司,第96页,表2。 〔33〕《美国总统经济报告,1980年》,表B-25.Money Income( in 1978 Dollars) and Poverty Status of Families andUnderlated Indivilatedby Race of Head,1947-1978.p.232. 《美国的贫困·文选》,Table A.Povewrty Linked Populations vs.Total Population,1960,1968,p.27. 〔34〕《美国的贫困类型》,Table 3.Incidence of Poverty,by Characteristic Relating to Labor-Force Participation,1962 ,pp.97-98. 〔35 〕Mociqel John Simpson, Income Inequality inMetropolitan Areas of the United States.1949-1979: A Corss-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis,Priceton University Ph.D,1987,p.267.Barbara Gayle Brents,The Class Politics ofAge Politics:The Development of the 1935 Social Security Act ,University of Missouri-Columbia,Ph.D, 1987, p. 342.Douglas S.Massey, The Structural Causes of ConcentratedUrban Poverty in the UnitedStates.UniversityofPennsylvania Ph.D,1990,p.319. 〔36〕M.S.Hill,The Changing Nature of Poverty, Annalsof the American Academy of Political and Social Science,479 (May),pp.31-47,1985. 〔37〕D.E.Chambers,The U.S.Poverty Line:A Time ForChange,Social Work 27 (4):pp.354-358,1982. 〔38〕〔美〕埃·卡瑞杰·斯科尔尼克著,张风国等译:《星条旗下的阴影--美国的社会事务与公共政策》,东方出版社1994年版,第99-100页。 〔39〕James Ryan Stormes,A Class Analysis of the U. S.Poor,University of Massachusetts,Ph.D 1988,p.314. 〔40〕〔美〕史蒂文·霍姆斯:《最穷者和最富者的收入差距在扩大》,《纽约时报》,1996年6月20日。 〔41〕〔美〕基思·布拉德舍关于美国贫富的调查报告,《纽约时报》,1996年6月22日。 〔42〕Joe Cappo,Future Scope,Success Strategies for the100 sand Beyond, Longman Financial Services Publishing ADivision of Longman Financial Services Institute,Inc.,1990,p.3. 〔43〕E.A Segal,"The Juvenitlization of Poverty in the1980s," Social Work,36 (5):pp.454-457.Sept.1991.参见I.Garfinkel, "The Role ofChildSupportInsuranceinAntipoverty Policy," Annals of the American Academy ofPolitical and Social Science,1985,479 (May),pp.119-131.
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