注释：
    ①Sauro Gelichi,“The Cities,” in Cristina La Rocca,ed.,Italy in the Early Middle Ages:476-1000,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.181-182.
    ②Giovanni Tabacco,“La Città Vescovile nell' Alto Medioevo,” Modelli di Città,a cura di Pietro Rossi,Torino:Einaudi,1987,pp.327-345.
    ③L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1988,p.13.
    ④E.Occhipinti,L' Italia dei comuni,secoli Ⅺ-ⅩⅢ,Roma:Carocci,2000,pp.13-14,17-19.
    ⑤E.Coleman,“Cities and Communes,” in D.Abulafia,ed.,Italy in the Central Middle Ages:1000-1300,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004,p.33.
    ⑥D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,London:Longman,2010,pp.31-34.
    ⑦E.Occhipinti,L' Italia dei comuni,secoli Ⅺ-ⅩⅢ,pp.38-41.
    ⑧L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,p.26.
    ⑨斯金纳：《近代政治思想的基础》上卷，奚瑞森、亚方译，北京：商务印书馆，2002年，第26页。
    ⑩J.K.Hyde,Society and Politics in Medieval Italy,London:Macmillan,1973,pp.124-141.
    (11)Giovanni Tabacco,The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy,trans.R.Jensen,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,p.184.
    (12)Otto of Freising,The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa,trans.Charles Mierow,Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1994,p.127.
    (13)L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,pp.27-28.
    (14)D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,p.40.
    (15)D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,p.43.
    (16)P.J.Jones,The Italian City-State:From Commune to Signoria,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.305-306.
    (17)L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,pp.33,35-36.
    (18)Daniel Waley,Siena and the Sienese in the Thirteenth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991,p.6.
    (19)E.Coleman,“Cities and Communes,” pp.52-53.
    (20)L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,pp.45-49.
    (21)J.K.Hyde,Society and Politics in Medieval Italy,p.115.
    (22)E.Coleman,“Cities and Communes,” pp.53-54.
    (23)P.J.Jones,“Communes and Despots:The City State in Late-Medieval Italy,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,5[th] ser.,vol.15,1965,p.77.
    (24)P.J.Jones,“Communes and Despots:The City State in Late-Medieval Italy,” p.76.
    (25)Renato Bordone,Guido Castelnuovo and Gian Maria Varanini,Le aristocrazie dai signori rurali al patriziato,a cura di R.Bordone,Roma:Laterza,2004,pp.39-120.
    (26)P.J.Jones,“Communes and Despots:The City State in Late-Medieval Italy,” p.71.
    (27)英国史学家哈兰(Hallam)最先指出很难用习惯的术语概括这一时期的“领主”，后来，瑞士史学家布克哈特和英国史学家西门兹(John Symonds)等人把他们称为“暴君”。19世纪史学家对城市领主的这种画像影响极为深远。最近有史学家对这种刻画提出异议，认为所谓的“文艺复兴时期的暴君”不过是一个“神话”。(Benjamin Kohl，“The Myth of the Renaissance Despot,” in John Law et al.,eds.,Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy,Farnham:Ashgate,2010,pp.61-73)(28)D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,pp.170-183.