(29)L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,pp.101-102.
    (30)Trevor Dean,Land and Power in Late Medieval Ferrara,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988,p.15.
    (31)Trevor Dean,“The Rise of Signori,” in David Abulafia,ed.,The New Cambridge Medieval History,vol.5,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999,p.459.
    (32)John Larner,Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch,1216-1380,London:Longman,1983,pp.128-140.
    (33)L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,p.98.
    (34)P.J.Jones,The Italian City-State:From Commune to Signoria,p.636.
    (35)但丁：《神曲·炼狱篇》，田德望译，北京：人民文学出版社，1997年，第58页。
    (36)L.Simeoni,Storia politica d' Italia:Le signorie,vol.1,Milano:Vallardi,1950,pp.51-56; John Law,The Lords of Renaissance Italy:The Signori,1250-1500,London:The Historical Association,1981,pp.16-18.
    (37)L.Simeoni,Storia politica d' Italia:Le signorie,vol.1,p.57.
    (38)L.Martines,Power and Imagination:City-States in Renaissance Italy,pp.130-161.
    (39)布鲁克尔：《文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨》，朱龙华译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1985年，第182-183页。
    (40)19世纪英国史学家西门兹(John Symonds)将其7卷本《意大利文艺复兴》(The Renaissance in Italy)的首卷取名为“暴君的时代”。20世纪中期出版的《意大利政治史》(Storia politica d' Italia)第7卷(Luigi Simeoni，Le signorie，Milano：Vallardi,1950)把这一时期称为“领主的时代”。《意大利史》(Storia d' Italia)第4卷(Nino Valeri，L' Italia nell' età dei principati dal 1343 al 1516，Verona：A.Mondadori,1949)则称之为“君主的时代”。
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    (42)D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,pp.107-109.
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    (46)D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,p.109.
    (47)关于锡耶纳市政厅的修建背景和过程，参见朱明：《从大教堂到市政厅：中世纪晚期锡耶纳的城市空间转型》，《历史研究》2011年第5期，第113-125页。
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    (50)J.White,Art and Architecture in Italy,1250-1400,New Haven:Yale University Press,1993,p.65.
    (51)Benjamin Kohl et al.,eds.,The Earthly Republic:Italian Humanists on Government and Society,Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press,1978,p.141.
    (52)Stephen Milner,“The Florentine Piazza della Signoria as Practiced Place,” in R.Crum and J.Paoletti,eds.,Renaissance Florence:A Social History,p.89.
    (53)D.Waley and T.Dean,The Italian City-Republics,p.107.