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①Kenneth Jackson,Crabgrass Frontier,The Suburbanization of the United States,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1985,p.198. ②1965年美国住房与城市发展部成立后，联邦住房署成为其下属机构。自1934年以来，这两个机构为3400万住房贷款和47207个多户住宅建筑的抵押贷款提供担保。今天，联邦住房署仍在提供贷款担保独户住宅有480万，多户住宅1.3万。2008年次贷危机后，联邦住房署和房地美、房利美一道成为美国最大的住房贷款机构，依靠联邦住房署获得贷款购买住房的美国总人口从2%增长到三分之一。所以探讨联邦住房署的政策走向是重要的。 ③有很多学者认为联邦政府的这些做法等于鼓励了居住区隔离，因其数量很多，暂不一一评述。中国学者较有代表性的论述是孙群郎《美国郊区化进程中的黑人种族隔离》(《历史研究》2012年第6期)。 ④Kenneth Jackson,Crabgrass Frontier,The Suburbanization of the United States,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1985,pp.197-218. ⑤Amy Hiller,"Redlining and the Home Owners' Loan Corporation," Journal of Urban History,2003,Vol.29,No.4,pp.394-420. ⑥"Housing:United States Commission on Civil Rights Report," No.4,1961,http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr11961bk4.pdf. ⑦Federal Housing Administration,Underwriting Manual,quoted from Nathan Straus ed.,Two-Thirds of a Nation:A Housing Program,New York:Alfred A Knopt,1952,p.223. ⑧这些地图中有一部分保存于美国国家档案局地图部。See Kenneth Jackson,Crabgrass Frontier,The Suburbanization of the United States,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1985,p.209. ⑨Nathan Straus ed,Two-Thirds of a Nation:A Housing Program,New York:Alfred A.Knopt,1952,p.221. ⑩Paul Douglas et al.,Building the American City:Report of the National Commission on Urban Problems to the President of the United States,Washington:Government Printing House,1968,pp.100-101. (11)David Allan Levine,Internal Combustion:The Races in Detroit,1915-1926,New York:Greenwood Press,1976,p.132. (12)The Housing Act of 1949,Chapter 338-1st Session,Public Law 171-81st Congress,p.32,https://bulk.resourceorg/gao.gov/81171/00001EE4_595076.pdf. (13)"FHA's Impact on the Financing and Design of Apartments," Architectural Forum,January 1950,Vol.92,p.97. (14)Leonard Downie,Jr.,Mortgage on America,New York:Praeger,1974,p.59. (15)Elvin K.Wyly and Steven R Holloway Source,"The Disappearance of Race in Mortgage Lending," Economic Geography,Vol.78,No.2,Apr.2002,pp.129-169. (16)Linda L.Royster,HUD Operating Data Relating to FHA Mortgage Insurance Activities,Washington D.C.:Government Printing House,1975,p.38. (17)Charles Abrams,Forbidden Neighbors:A Study of Prejudice in Housing,New York:Harper and Brothers,1955,pp.229-235. (18)Kenneth Jackson,Crabgrass Frontier,The Suburbanization of the United States,Oxford:Oxford University Press，1985,p.211. (19)Kenneth Jackson,Crabgrass Frontier,The Suburbanization of the United States,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1985,p.215. (20)Federal Housing Administration,Underwriting Manual,January 1947,quoted from Nathan Straus ed.,Two-Thirds of a Nation:A Housing Program,New York:Alfred A.Knopt,1952,p.223. (21)Raymond A.Mohl and Roger Biles,The Making of Urban America,New York:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,2012,p.233. (22)United States,Department of Justice,"The Fair Housing Act," http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/title8.php.该法是1968年民权法第八款，因其主要涉及住房平等，因此又称公平住房法。 (23)Elvin K.Wyly and Steven R Holloway,"The Disappearance of Race in Mortgage Lending," Economic Geography,Vol.78,No.2,Apr.2002. (24)HTIC,Disclosure,No.6,March 1975,pp.5-6. (25)Ed Manus,"Backers Mildly Optimistic for Laws Curbing Redlining," Chicago Tribune,May 4,1975; Chris Mount,"New Redlining Proposals Hailed," Chicago Tribune,June 19,1975. (26)House Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operation,"Defaults Rise on FHA-Insured Mortgages:Report," 92nd Cong.,2nd Sess.,pt.2,May 4,1972,p.571,http://www.cnbc.com/id/29953730. (27)Paul S.Grogan and Tony Proscio,Comeback Cities:A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival,New York:Basic Books,2002,p.114. (28)A.Schwartz,"Bank Lending to Minority and Low-income Households and Neighborhoods:Do Community Reinvestment Agreement Make A Difference?" Journal of Urban Affairs,Vol.20,1998,pp.269-301. (29)Kirk Hallahan,"The Mortgage Redlining Controversy,1972-1975," Paper presented to Qualitative Studies Division,Association in Journalism and Mass Communication,Montreal,1992,http://lamar.colostate.edu/～pr/redlining.pdf. (30)Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University,The State of the Nation's Housing 1997,http://www.jchs.harvardedu/research/publications/state-nations-housing-1997. (31)The U.S.Conference of Mayors,"America's Homeownership Gap:Mayors Attack Urban Redlining,Mortgage Discrimination," http://usmayors.org/publications/home.htm. (32)Jesus Hernandez,"Redlining Revisited:Mortgage Lending Patterns in Sacramento 1930-2004," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,Vol.33,No.2,June 2009,http://linesbetweenus.org/sites/linesbetweenus.org/files/u5/redlining_revisited.pdf. (33)Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University,The State of the Nation's Housing 2014,http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/sonhr14-color-ch6.pdf. (34)限于篇幅，本文不一一列举学界的研究，比较有代表性的是Dan Immergluck,"Redlining Redux," Urban Affairs Review,Vol.38,No.1,2002; Gregory D.Squires,"Racial Profiling,Insurance Style:Insurance Redlining and the Uneven Development of Metropolitan Areas," Journal of Urban Affairs,Vol.25,2003,pp.391-410; Stephen R Holloway,"Exploring the Neighborhood Contingency of Race Discrimination in Mortgage Lending in Columbus,Ohio," Annals of the Association of American Geographers,Vol.88,1998,pp.252-276; "Redlining in Philadelphia," http://cml.upenn.edu/redlining/intro.html. (35)Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University,The State of the Nation's Housing 2015,http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/jchs-sonhr-2015-ch1.pdf. （本文刊于《社会科学战线》2016年第5期） (责任编辑：admin) |