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注释： ①我们讨论的这一群体，始终处于变化的历史过程中，称谓也一直变化不定，有关这一群体的指称有“中间等级”、“中等阶层”、“中间阶级”、“中等阶级”等等，直到19世纪才大致统一。为行文方便，我们在论述这一主题时，除引用具体作者的话语或观点外，统一使用“中产阶级”一词。 ②在国内，目前尚无专门研究近代英国中产阶级形成问题的专著。在论及近代英国的著作中，舒小昀的《分化与整合：1688-1783年英国社会结构分析》（南京：南京大学出版社，2003年）一书，较系统地分析了近代英国社会的上层、下层与中间阶层，并指出三个阶层间的流动与文化整合。虽然书中对中间阶层的成员如商人、专业人员做了全面的介绍，但作者的谨慎使之没有使用“中产阶级”这一术语。沈晖的《英国中产阶级：文化及其认同》（《甘肃社会科学》2005年第2期），从文化的视角探讨了英国中产阶级的社会认同；顾兴斌的《论英国中产阶级的形成、发展与作用》（《江西社会科学》1995年第11期）虽较为系统，但未能严格区分新老中产阶级。其他相关的论文还有刘戈的《〈帕梅拉〉与十八世纪中产阶级的政治思想》（《名作欣赏》2007年第6期）、杨丽的《近代英国中产阶级的科学教育状况探析》（《辽宁行政学院学报》2007年第9期）等。从总体上看，国内的相关研究只涉及近代英国中产阶级形成问题的某个方面，并且主要集中在中产阶级相对成熟的19世纪。 ③如E.P.汤普森的《英国工人阶级的形成》（钱乘旦等译，南京：译林出版社，2001年）。 ④1942年G.M.屈威廉出版《英国社会史》，成为传统社会史的代表作品。这种社会史多研究生活方式、社会风俗等，不涉及阶级、阶级斗争等政治问题，被称为“除了政治什么都有的历史”。参见姜芃：《霍布斯鲍姆与新社会史》，陈启能主编：《八十年代的西方史学》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1990年；梁民愫：《英国新社会史思潮的兴起及其整体社会史研究的国际反响》，《史学月刊》2006年第2期。 ⑥R.H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Burt Franklin, 1912, p.197. ⑦Louis B. Wright, Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England, Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press, 1958, p.5.该著作最初于1935年由北卡罗来纳大学出版社出版。 ⑧Jack Hexter, "The Myth of the Middle Class in Tudor England," in Jack Hexter, Reappraisals in History: New Views on History and Society in Early Modern Europe, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1961, pp.71-116, with this phrase on p.116. ⑨Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727-1783, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. ⑩Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730, Berkeley and Los Angeles: Methuen and the University of California Press, 1989. (11)约翰·斯梅尔：《中产阶级文化的起源》，陈勇译，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年。 (12)Margaret R. Hunt, The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680-1780, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1996; Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks, eds., The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800, Hampshire and London: The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1994. (13)K. Wrightson, "The Social Order of Early Modern England: Three Approaches," in L. Bonfield, et al., eds., The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure, Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp.177-202. (14)K. Wrightson, "Estates, Degrees and Sorts: Changing Perceptions of Society in Tudor and Stuart England," in P. J. Corfield, ed., Language, History and Class, Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1991, pp.30-51; D. Cressy, "Describing the Social Order of Elizabethan and Stuart England," Literature and History, vol. 3(1976), pp.29-44. (15)P. J. Corfield, ed., Language, History and Class, pp.101-130; P. Mathias, "The Social Structure in the Eighteenth Century: A Calculation by Joseph Massie," in P. Mathias, The Transformation of England: Essays in the Economic and Social History of England in the Eighteenth Century, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979, pp.171-189. (16)John Seed, "From 'Middling Sort' to Middle Class in Late Eighteenth-and Early Nineteenth-Century England," in M. L. Bush, ed., Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification, London and New York: Longman, 1992, pp.114-135. (17)Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, London and New York: Routledge, 2002,p.17. (18)Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, p.253. (19)Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, p.xvi. (20)(21)(22)(23)Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: Further Explored, London: Methuen, 1983, pp.22, 257, 50-51, 22. (24)Christopher Hill, "Reviewed Work: The World We Have Lost by Peter Laslett," History and Theory, vol.6, no.1 (1967), p.123. (25)Douglas Hay and Nicholas Rogers, Eighteenth-Century English Society: Shuttles and Swords, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. (26)L. Stone, "Social Mobility in England, 1500-1700," Past and Present, no. 33 (1966), pp.16-55. (27)K. Wrightson, English Society: 1580-1680, London and New York: Routledge, 2003, pp.72-73. (28)E. P. Thompson, "Eighteenth-Century Society: Class Struggle without Class?" Social History, vol.3 (1978), pp.133-165. (29)John Rule, Albion's People: English Society, 1714-1815, London and New York: Longman, 1992. (30)R. S. Neale, Class in English History, 1680-1850, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981, p.133. (31)彼得·盖伊：《施尼兹勒的世纪：中产阶级文化的形成，1815-1914》，梁永安译，北京：北京大学出版社，2006年，第14页。 (32)Shani D'Cruze, "The Middling Sort in Eighteenth-Century Colchester: Independence, Social Relations and the Community Broker," in Jonathan Barry and Christopher Brooks, eds., The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1550-1800, pp.181-207. (33)John Seed, "From 'Middling Sort' to Middle Class in Late Eighteenth-and Early Nineteenth-Century England," op. cit., p.115. (34)(35)(36)约翰·斯梅尔：《中产阶级文化的起源》，第11、221、239、144-145页。 (37)约翰·斯梅尔：《中产阶级文化的起源》，第18页。 (38)(39)(40)Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730, pp.3, 4, 5. (41)A. F. Pollard, Factors in Modern History, London: A. Constable and Co. Ltd., 1921, p.40. (42)Jack Hexter, "The Myth of the Middle Class in Tudor England," op. cit., p.73. (43)K.G. Davies, "The Mess of the Middle Class," Reviewed Work(s): Reappraisals in History by J.H. Hexter, Past and Present, no. 22 (July 1962), pp.77-83. (44)T. M. Devine and Rosalind Mitchison, eds., People and Society in Scotland, 1760-1830, vol. I, Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers in association with the Economic and Social History Society of Scotland, 1988-1992, p.113. (45)Peter N. Stearns, "The Middle Class: Toward a Precise Definition," Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 21, no. 3 (July 1979), pp.377-396. (46)S. M. Blumin, "The Hypothesis of Middle Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century America: A Critique and Some Proposals," American Historical Review, vol. 90 (1985), pp.299-338；C.赖特·米尔斯：《白领：美国的中产阶级》，周晓虹译，南京：南京大学出版社，2006年；保罗·福塞尔：《格调：社会等级与生活品味》，梁丽真等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1998年。 (47)A. F. Pollard, "The Advent of the Middle Class," in A. F. Pollard, Factors in Modern History. (48)Jack Hexter, "The Myth of the Middle Class in Tudor England," op. cit., p.71. (49)Daniel Statt, "Reviewed Work: A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727-1783, by Paul Langford," Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 25, no. 2 (Winter 1991-1992), pp.264-271. (50)Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730, p.334. (51)Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850, London and New York: Routledge, 2002; Theodore Koditschek, Class Formation and Urban Industrial Society: Bradford, 1750-1850, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (52)Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, pp.3-4. (53)Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, p.408. (54)K. Wrightson, "Estates, Degrees and Sorts: Changing Perceptions of Society in Tudor and Stuart England," in P. J. Corfield, ed., Language, History and Class, pp.32-34. (55)K. Wrightson, "The Social Order of Early Modern England: Three Approaches," in L. Bonfield, et al., eds., The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Struture, p.183. (56)K. Wrightson, "Estates, Degrees and Sorts: Changing Perceptions of Society in Tudor and Stuart England," in P. J. Corfield, ed., Language, History and Class, p.49. (57)D. Cressy, "Describing the Social Order of Elizabethan and Stuart England," Literature and History, vol. 3 (1976), pp.29-44. (58)P. J. Corfield, ed., Language, History and Class, p.113. (59)S. Wallech, "Class versus Rank: The Transformation of Eighteenth-Century English Social Terms and Theories of Production," Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 47, no. 3 (July-sop. 1986), p.411. (60)(61)(64)雷蒙·威廉斯：《关键词：文化与社会的词汇》，刘建基译，北京：三联书店，2005年，第53、58、55页。 (62)John Seed, "From 'Middling Sort' to Middle Class in Late Eighteenth-and Early Nineteenth-Century England," in M. L. Bush, ed., Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification, p.135. (63)E.P.汤普森：《英国工人阶级的形成》（上），“前言”，第1-2页。 (65)约翰·斯梅尔；《中产阶级文化的起源》，第117页。 (66)艾萨克·克兰尼克：《18世纪后期英国资产阶级激进主义》，王觉非编：《英国政治经济和社会现代化》，南京：南京大学出版社，1989年，第281页。 (67)约翰·斯梅尔：《中产阶级文化的起源》，第12页。 (68)J. H. Plumb, The Commercialisation of Leisure in Eighteenth-Century England, Reading: University of Reading, 1973, p.19; Neil McKendrick, "Home Demand and Economic Growth: A New View of the Role of Women and Children in the Industrial Revolution," in Neil McKendrick, ed., Historical Perspective: Studies in English Thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb, London: Europa Publications, 1974, pp.152-210; Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England, London: Hutchinson, 1983, pp.11-15, 18, 20-22 et passim; David Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns, 1774-1967, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1980, pp. 36-39; J. C. D. 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(73)保尔·芒图：《十八世纪产业革命——英国近代大工业初期的概况》，杨人楩、陈希秦、吴绪译，北京：商务印书馆，1983年，第260页。 (74)Peter Earle, The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London, 1660-1730, pp.154-157. (75)Nicholas Rogers, "Money, Land and Lineage: The Big Bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London," Social History, vol. 4, no. 3 (Oct. 1979), pp.437-454; L. Stone, "Social Mobility in England 1500-1700," Past and Present, no. 33 (1966), pp.16-55; A. Everitt, "Social Mobility in Early Modern England," Past and Present, no. 33 (1966), pp.56-73; A. Everitt, "Dynasties and Communities since the Seventeenth Century," in A. Everitt, Landscape and Community in England, London: Hambledon Press, 1985, pp.309-330; R. G. Wilson, Gentlemen Merchants: The Merchant Community in Leeds 1700-1830, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971; H. J. Habbakuk, "The Rise and Fall of Landed Families 1600-1800," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 29 (1979), pp.187-207; vol. 30 (1980), pp.199-221; vol. 31 (1981), pp.195-217; R. C. Allen, "The Price of Freehold Land and the Interest Rate in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Economic History Review, vol. 41, no. 1 (Feb. 1988), pp.33-50; R. G. Lang, "Social Origins and Social Aspirations of Jacobean London Merchants," Economic History Review, vol. 27, no. 1 (Feb. 1974), pp.28-47; R. Grassby, "Social Mobility and Business Enterprise in Seventeenth-Century England," in D. Pennington and K. Thomas, eds., Puritans and Revolutionaries: Essays in Seventeenth-Century History Presented to Christopher Hill, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, pp.355-381; D. T. Andrew, "Aldermen and Big Bourgeoisie of London Reconsidered," Social History, vol. 6, no. 3, (Oct. 1981), pp.359-364; C. 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Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980, Cambridge, London and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. (责任编辑：admin) |