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注释： ①Almamori Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatic III Period," al-Rāfidān:Journal of Western Asiatic Studies,vol.35,n.62,2014,p.32.对早王朝乌玛的研究可参考I.Schrakamp,"Urukagina und die Geschichte von am Ende der pr sargonischen Zeit," in R.Dittmann and G.J.Selz,eds.,It'S a Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s),Münster:Ugarit-Verlag,2015,pp.303-386; G.Visicato,"An Unpublished Archive from ED IIIb Umma before Lugalzagesi," in R.Dittmann and G.J.Selz,eds.,It's a Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s),pp.453-460.对卢伽尔扎吉西的研究，代表性文献可参考A.Westenholz,"Diplomatic and Commercial Aspects of Temple Offerings as Illustrated by a Newly Diseovered Text," Iraq,vol.39,no.1,1977,pp.19-21; M.A.Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," Hebrew Union College Annual,vol.49,1978,pp.1-58; A.Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi," Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Arch ologie,7(1990),pp.155-157; M.A.Powell,"The Sin of Lugalzagesi," Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kundes des Morgenlandes,vol.86,1996,pp.307-314; A.Archi and M.G.Biga,"A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla," Journal of Cuneiform Studies,vol.55,2003,pp.1-44; P.Steinkeller,"The Question of Lugalzagesi's Origins," in G.J.Selz,hrsg.,Festschraft für Burkhart Kienast zu seinem 70.Geburtstage dargebracht von Freunden,Schülern und Kollegen,Münster:Ugarit-Verlag,2003,S.621-637.②究竟卢伽尔扎吉西在位多少年，《苏美尔王表》的数据自然不能轻易采信。不过，尽管《苏美尔王表》在大多数情况下不能作为历史文献使用，有理由认为其中提供的卢伽尔扎吉西在位年限可能接近稍有扭曲的事实真相。此处见Powell,"The Sin of Lugalzagesi," p.311.关于《苏美尔王表》基本内容和史学价值的介绍见D.O.Edzard,"K  nigslisten und Chroniken A:Sumerisch,"Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Arch ologie,6(1983),S.77-86; G.Marchesi,"The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia," in M.G.Biga and M.Liverani,ana turri gimilli:studi dedicati al Padre Werner R.Mayer,S.J.da amici e allievi a cura di,Roma:Università di Roma la Sapienza,2010,pp.231-248.③Thorkild Jacobsen,"Early Political Development in Mesopotamia," Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Arch  ologie,52(1957),S.91-140.此处见Thorkild Jacobsen,Toward the Image of Tammuz and other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1970,p.152.涉及阿卡德时期铭文可见Sargon b 1,6,7,8,in Hans Hirsch,"Die Inschriften der K nige von Agade",Archiv für Orientforschung,20(1963),S.1-82; E2.1.1.1,2,6,12 and E2.1.2.4,in Douglas R.Frayne,Sargonic and Gutian Periods(2334-2113 BC),Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1993.lugal-kalam-ma中的kalam一词，阿卡德语做mātum，此处尝试性地直译作“中土”，这是因为根据文本分析，可以认为卢伽尔扎吉西赋予了苏美尔语kalam一词以文明核心区的意义。初步的分析见Wang Xianhua,The Metamorphosis of Enlil in Early Mesopotamia,Münster:Ugarit-Verlag,2011,pp.145-147.④M.A.Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," pp.6-8; M.A.Powell,"The Sin of Lugalzagesi," p.311; P.Steinkeller,"The Question of Lugalzagesi's Origins," p.621. ⑤例见A.Westenholz,"What's New in Town?" in S.C.Melville and A.L.Slotsky,eds.,Opening the Tablet Box:Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R.Foster,Leiden:Brill,2010,pp.454-462; A.R.George and M.Civil,Cuneifore Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schφyen Collection,Bethesda:CDL Press,2011; Almamori Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatie III Period."⑥如前文注，目前一般认为《苏美尔王表》给出的在位时间，包括他称王之前作为乌玛恩西的时间。这也是本文必要的工作假定之一。此处“卢伽尔扎吉西时期”，泛泛而言自然既包括他作为乌玛恩西期间，也包括他称王之后。只是本文所讨论的核心资料主要出自乌玛地区，所关注的问题也主要和他任乌玛恩西时期有关，对他称王之后的情况不作过多纠缠。 ⑦目前见J.S.Cooper,Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions:The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict,Malibu:Undena Publications,1983; J.Bauer,"Der vorsargonische Abshnitt der mesopotamien Geschichte," in J.Bauer,R.K.Englund and M.Krebernik,Mesopotamien:Sp  turuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit,Fribourg:Editions Universitaires/Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,1998,S.431-627；吴宇虹：《古代两河流域文明史年代学研究的历史与现状》，《历史研究》2002年第4期(此文是迄今中文发表的两河流域年代学方面最为系统的研究，该文第130-135页对早期年代学进行了讨论)。⑧相关介绍参见Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi," pp.155-157；另见Horst Steible and Hermann Behrens,Die altsumerischen Bau-und Weihinschriften,Teil II:Kommentar zu den Inschriften aus "  ",Inschriften ausserhalb von " ",Wiesbaden:Franz Steiner Verlag,1982,S.310-315.例如，碎片2N-T227出土自尼普尔的“泥板山(Tablet Hilt)”公元前一千纪(1st Millennium)地层，佐证这些碎片的原始语境在古代已经被打乱，参见Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi."⑨Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht,Old Babylonian Inscriptions Chiefly from Nippur,Part II,Philadelphia:D.Anson Partridge,1896,p.60; Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," pp.1-58,29.希尔布莱希特所发现的“石钵铭文”碎片现存宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆，具体藏品号等见Douglas R.Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2008,pp.433-434.注意弗雷因对藏品的描述有一些不够精确之处，见下注。 ⑩弗雷因曾在给Wayne Horowitz的信中说，至少部分宾大碎片可做进一步拼接，不过精确重构原有总数应该已经不可能。见Douglas R.Frayne,"Email to Wayne Horowitz,July 2011."这里对“石钵铭文”的介绍从简，详情见笔者与以色列希伯来大学Wayne Horowitz教授和耶路撒冷圣地博物馆Filip  博士合作出版的“石钵铭文”新校勘本，准备工作仍在进行中，见Wang Xianhua,Wayne Horowitz and Filip  ,The Vase Inscription of Lugalzagesi,forthcoming.值得注意的是，尽管出土语境并非原始语境，这些石质的容器竟然没有一件完整保存下来。一个合理的猜测是，这些镌刻着相同铭文的石钵是被有意摔碎的，参见Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi."(11)除卢伽尔扎吉西的研究之外，值得注意的是萨尔贡铭文与“石钵铭文”在用语上的一致性。见Tohru Maeda,"Royal Inscriptions of Lugalzagesi and Sargon," Orient:Reports of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan,vol.40,2005,pp.3-30; Wang Xianhua,"The Ideological Innovation of Lugalzagesi," paper presented at the conference The 57e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale,Roma:Università di Roma,2011. (12)Claus Wilcke,"Orthographie,Grammatik und Literarische Form:Beobactungen zu der Vaseninschrift Lugalzaggesis(SAKI 152-156)," in I.T.Abusch,J.Huehnergard and P.Steinkeller,eds.,Lingering over Words:Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Literature in Honor of William L.Moran,Atlanta:Scholars Press,1990,pp.502-503.英文译本另可参见John Nicholas Postgate,Early Mesopotamia:Society and Economy at the Dawn of History,London:Routledge,1994,p.35. (13)"Lugalzagesi 3," in Steible and Behrens,Die altsumerischen Bau-und Weihinschriften,Teil II:Kommentar zu den Inschriften aus "  ",Inschrifien ausserhalb von " ",S.336-337; Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi," p.156.(14)Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.375-376. (15)Adam Falkenstein,Die Inschriften Gudeas von  ,Roma:Pontificium Institutum Biblicum,1966,p.118.讨论可见Powell,"The Sin of Lugalzagesi"; Walther Sallaberger and Ingo Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium," in W.Sallaberger and I.Schrakamp,eds.,Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean:History and Philology,Turnhout:Brepols,2015,p.73.有学者认为人名Uru-KA-gi-na应读作Uru-INIM-gi-na，极为详尽的介绍和讨论参见Ingo Schrakamp,"Urukagina und die Geschichte von am Ende der pr sargonischen Zeit," pp.304-310.此处采取类似做法，根据传统读法音译。(16)通行英文翻译可参见Jerrold S.Cooper,Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions:The LagashUmma Border Conflict,p.52; Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),p.279. (17)"Lugalzagesi 2," in Steible and Behrens,Die altsumerischen Bau-und Weihinschriften,Teil II:Kommentar zu den Inschriften aus "  ," Inschriften ausserhalb von " ",S.325-336.关于乌玛和拉格什之间的边界战争，仍见Cooper,Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions:The LagashUmma Border Conflict.(18)E1.12.6.2,in Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.372-374. (19)Aage Westenholz,Early Cuneiform Texts in Jena:Pre-Sargonic and Sargonic documents from Nippur and Fara in the Hilprecht-Sammlung vorderasiatischer Altertümer,Institut für Altertumswissenschaften der Friedrich-Schiller-Universit  t,Jena,Copenhagen:Munksgaard,1975.照片见http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P020496.jpg; Robert K.Englund and Peter Damerov,Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative:A Joint Project of the University of California,Los Angeles,the University of Oxford,and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,Berlin,available from http://cdli.ucla.edu/.(20)George Gottlob Hackman and Ferris J.Stephens,Sumerian and Akkadian Administrative Texts:From Predynastic Times to the End of the Akkad Dynasty,New Haven:Yale University Press,1958.照片见http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P221549.jpg; Englund and Damerov,Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative:A Joint Project of the University of California,Los Angeles,the University of Oxford,and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,Berlin.埃布拉(Ebla)文献(MEE 10 029)提到“阿达布被攻陷的消息  ”，被认为指的是卢伽尔扎吉西攻陷阿达布。由于本文主要关注南部巴比伦尼亚，特别是乌玛地区的文献证据本身，这里暂不就此作进一步讨论，留待以后处理。可参见Gianni Marchesi,"Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia," in W.Sallaberger and I.Schrakamp,Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean:History and Philology,p.147.(21)阿卡德时期铭文中乌玛名称的写法(UB.ME.KI)可能来自阿卡德语传统，相关讨论见Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatic III Period," pp.10-11; Wilfred G.Larobert,"The Names of Umma," Journal of Near Eastern Studies,vol.49,no.1,1990,pp.75-80.(22)A.K.Grayson and E.Sollberger,"L'insurrection générale contre Narām-Suen," Revue d'Assyriologie,vol.70,1976,pp.103-128; J.S.Cooper,The Curse of Agade,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1983; J.S.Cooper and W.Heimpel,"The Sumerian Sargon Legend," Journal of the American Oriental Society,vol.103,no.1,1983,pp.67-82.相关文献的晚近校勘本可参考Michael Haul,Stele und Legende:Untersuchungen zu den keilschriftlichen Erz  hlwerken über die K nige von Akkade,G ttingen:Universit tsverlag G ttingen,2009; Joan Goodnick Westenholz,Legends of the Kings of Akkade:The Texts,Winona Lake:Eisenbrauns,1997.(23)Dietz Otto Edzard,"K  nigslisten und Chroniken A:Sumerisch," S.81.此处转写参考相关文献对《王表》WB444版本的整理，见Jean-Jacques Glassner,Mesopotamian Chronicles,Atlanta:Society of Biblical Literature,2004,p.122.中文翻译参考雅各布森：《苏美尔王表》，郑殿华译，北京：三联书店，1989年，翻译略有调整。关于《王表》的版本源流，目前相对系统的研究仍只有Thorkild Jacobsen,The Sumerian King List,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1939，可参考Sallaberger and Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium," pp.13-22.另见Piotr Steinkeller,"An Ur III Manuscript of the Sumerian King List," in W.Sallaberger,K.Volk and A.Zgoll,Literatur,Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien:Festschrift für Claus Wilcke,Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz,2003,S.267-292.(24)如Steible and Behrens,Die altsumerischen Bau-und Weihinschriften,Teil II:Kommentar zu den Inschriften aus "  ",Inschriften ausserhalb von " "; J.S.Cooper,Presargonic Inscriptions,New Haven:American Oriental Society,1986; Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC).(25)进一步的讨论见下文。兰伯特主要处理乌鲁卡基纳(Urukagina)第四到第七年的拉格什文献，乌鲁卡基纳这时的敌人便是乌玛的卢伽尔扎吉西。见Maurice Lambert,"La guerre entre Urukagina et Lugalzaggesin," Rivista degli Studi orientali,41(1966),pp.29-66.关于“乌鲁卡基纳改革”的文献资料，见Manuel Molina,"Las 《Reformas》 de Urukagina," Lengua e historia,12(1995),pp.47-80.鲍威尔主要处理当时所见扎巴拉文献，见Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugatzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Inteipretation,"并见后引。福斯特的研究针对相关联的年月计时文书，见Benjamin R.Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,Hamden:Archon Books,1982，并见下文。 (26)  Thureau-Dangin,"Notes assyriologiques," Revue d'Assyriologie,8(1911),p.154.(27)B.R.Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,p.2; M.A.Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.6; M.E.Milone,"Un piccolo archivio di tavolette presargoniche provenienti da Umma-Zabala," Sefarad,65(2005),pp.327-351; S.F.Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections,Bethesda:CDL Press,2011,p.2.单凭内证很难最终确定出处，例如关于美安纳都文献的讨论，见Almamori Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatic III Period," p.18.(28)Haider Oraibi,"(Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and in the Early Dynatic III Period," pp.2-3,9.注意基于语音的不同看法Gianni Marchesi and Nicolò Marchetti,Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia Winona Lake:Eisenbrauns,2011,pp.170-171.方便起见，本文在涉及乌玛地区时，仍统称乌玛。关于“乌玛”的名称，另参见Lambert,"The Names of Umma"; Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.357-359; Haider Oraibi,"(Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and in the Early Dynatic III Period," pp.29-30. (29)Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,pp.2-3. (30)收藏和出版情况见Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,pp.1-2.福斯特的整理在当时而言比较完整，但有部分并未被计入，如伊拉克博物馆所藏部分早期文献，见Piotr Steinkeller and John Nicholas Postgate,Third Millennium Legal and Administrative Texts in the Iraq Museum,Baghdad,Winona Lake:Eisenbrauns,1992.另如英国伯明翰博物与艺术馆(Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery)所藏“萨尔贡时期”泥板中的部分，也属年月计时文书，其中多数出自乌玛。 (31)Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,p.3. (32)Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,p.7.进一步讨论见下文。 (33)Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,pp.4-7.福斯特在同书第6-7页注意到，年月计时文书的计时系统并不总是完整地记录出来，这就给这些文书的档案归属制造了更大的问题，因为并没有完整使用年月计时法的泥板也可以同属一个档案。鲍威尔也注意到类似的问题，见Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," pp.10-11.这样的问题只能依靠内证，如姓名学或者大规模统计来解决。注意尼科尔斯基(Nikol' skij)已经采取和福斯特类似的断代策略，福斯特的说明见Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,p.161,n.65. (34)Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,p.156. (35)Maria Elena Milone,"Un piccolo arehivio di tavolette presargoniche provenienti da Umma-Zabala," pp.327-351; Francesco Pomponio,Marten Stol and Aage Westenholz,Le Tavolette Cuneiformi di varia Provenienza delle collezioni della Banca d'Italia,Roma:Banca d'Italia,2006.新出早王朝时期乌玛文献的出版情况可见Ingo Schrakamp,"Review of G.Visicato and A.Westenholz,Early Dynastic and Early Sargonic Tablets from Adab in the Cornell University Collections," Journal of Cuneiform Studies,vol.65,2013,pp.202-203. (36)出版情况可见Salvatore F.Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections,pp.1-2; Giuseppe Visicato,"An Unpublished Archive from ED IIIb Umma before Lugalzagesi," pp.453-460；等等。此外参见Aage Westenholz,A Third-Millennium Miscellany of Cuneiform Texts,Bethesda:CDL Press,2014，该书发表的部分泥板也属于年月计时文书(CUSAS 14 150-170)。对年月计时文书的全面研究当有待已知文献的完整出版，尽管事实上这是不可能的。好在从本文来说，尚未出版的部分应不至于影响对本文所关心问题的判断。 (37)Salvatore F.Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections,p.5.转写依据如下文献作了调整，见Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatic III Period."(38)Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections,p.9.注意Powell已经间接指出这些泥板要早于卢伽尔扎吉西的可能性，Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.12. (39)Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections,p.9. (40)Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and in the Early Dynatic III Period," pp.16-24,26-27,n.50.弗雷因此前设想这些纪年可能是在卢伽尔扎吉西已经丧失独立，在萨尔贡统治下的在位年份，讨论见Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.13-14.(41)参见Cooper对乌玛—拉格什边界冲突发展进程的重构，Cooper,Reconstructing History from Ancient Inscriptions:The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict. (42)Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections; S.F.Monaco,"Some New Light on Pre-Sargonic Umma," in L.Feliu et al.,eds.,Time and History in the Ancient Near East:Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona 26-30 July 2010,Winona Lake:Eisenbrauns,2013,pp.745-750. (43)Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.14.藏号缩写见Englund and Damerov,Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative:A Joint Project of the University of California,Los Angeles,the University of Oxford,and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,Berlin，网页见http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/abbreviations_for_assyriology.注意Monaco,Early Dynastic mu-iti Cereal Texts in the Cornell University Cuneiform Collections，第5页认为这个阿玛巴拉西肯定不是曾任扎巴拉桑卡(sanga)祭司的阿玛巴拉西(CUNES 48-10-043)却没有给出任何理由。如果以下本文的总体设想成立，很可能事实真相恰恰相反。如果卢伽尔扎吉西甚至其父布布都是恩沙库沙纳的封侯，阿玛巴拉西自然不会有机会成为乌玛恩西。 (44)Foster,Umma in the Sargonic Period,p.7.图见http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P221534.jpg,Englund and Damerov,Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative:A Joint Project of the University of California,Los Angeles,the University of Oxford,and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,Berlin. (45)Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.9.泥板A07554见同文第34-35页，注意反面第七年的写法。 (46)另参见Sallaberger and Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium," pp.86-87. (47)Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.27 with ns.30-33. (48)Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.28.不同看法见Marchesi and Marchetti,Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia,p.128,n.295.关于  ，参见Piotr Steinkeller,"The Question of Lugalzagesi's Origins," pp.632-637.(49)恩沙库沙纳基本文献见Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.429-432. (50)Josef Bauer,"Der vorsargonische Abshnitt der mesopotamischen Geschichte," S.478-479; Sallaberger and Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium," p.87.注意马尔凯希(Gianni Marchesi)认为这里的乌鲁克王是乌尔尼(Urni)，而不是恩沙库沙纳。马尔凯希的意见有其道理，但不具有真正的说服力，特别是根据一件有争议的文献(Ukg 14)便解读出一个他处从未出现过的乌鲁克王，笔者持保留意见。可能的情况是这个乌尔尼是恩沙库沙纳的属下，并且有可能正是尼普尔文献中的Ur-ra-ni(OSP 2 081,OSP 2 084)，关于后者可参见Aage Westenholz,Old Sumerian and Old Akkadian Texts in Philadelphia Chiefly from Nippur,Part 1:Literary and Lexical Texts and the Earliest Administrative Documents,Malibu:Undena Publications,1975,p.4; Westenholz,Early Cuneiform Texts in Jena:Pre-Sargonic and Sargonic documents from Nippur and Fara in the Hilprecht-Sammlung vorderasiatischer Altertümer,Institut für Altertumswissenschaften der Friedrich-Schiller-Universit  t,Jena.由于不至于影响本文主要思路，此处从旧说而不作过度延伸。这种情况也再次说明目前对早王朝末期政治史相对年代学的了解实在有限。相关资料和讨论见Marchesi,"Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia," pp.146-147.(51)鲍尔认为乌鲁卡基纳可能苟延残喘到在位第十一年(称王第十年)，参见Bauer,"Der vorsargonische Abshnitt der mesopotamischen Geschichte," S.477-478,489-493.另可见Marchesi and Marchetti,Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia,p.127,n.282. (52)Walther Sallaberger,"Relative Chronologie von der sp  ten frühdynastischen bis zur altbabylonischen Zeit," in J.W.Meyer and W.Sommerfeld,hrsg.,2000 v.Chr.-Politische,wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung im Zeichen einer Jahrtausendwende,Saarbrücken:Saarbrücker Druckerei und verlag,2004,S.28.乌鲁卡基纳即恩西位后第二年称王，所以称王第四年即在位第五年。见Powell,"The Sin of Lugalzagesi," pp.313-314; Aage Westenholz,"Diplomatic and Commetcial Aspects of Temple Offerings as Illustrated by a Newly Discovered Text," p.21.(53)因为无法解释这样的矛盾，魏斯腾霍茨只好说“石钵铭文”中拉格什的缺席原因也是由于它不属于古老的“苏美尔(ki-en-go)”。见Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi," p.157. (54)目前学者们对卢伽尔扎吉西和乌鲁卡基纳的认识仍大体如上。最近的整理和研究见W.Sallaberger and I.Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium," pp.1-136; Schrakamp,"Urukagina und die Geschichte von  am Ende der pr sargonischen Zeit"; Marchesi,"Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia."(55)Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatic III Period," p.28.注意有学者仍认为卢伽尔扎吉西在其在位第八年已征服拉格什，见I ngo Schrakamp,"Lugalzagesi," in R.S.Bagnall et al.,eds.,The Encyclopedia of Ancient History,Oxford:Blackwell,2013,pp.4163-4164.(56)鲍尔("Der vorsargonische Abshnitt der mesopotamischen Geschichte")对卢伽尔扎吉西的讨论只有短短两页(pp.493-495)，主要篇幅用在根据拉格什文献重构乌鲁卡基纳的统治情况上。这自然是谨慎而合理的做法，只是更直接地体现出拉格什中心观的客观存在。 (57)Steinkeller,"The Question of Lugalzagesi's Origins," pp.622-624. (58)Steinkeller,"The Question of Lugalzagesi's Origins," pp.624-627. (59)注意有学者曾判断早王朝时期的埃乐什可能就是阿布撒拉比赫(Abū-Salābīkh)，见John Nicholas Postgate,"Excavations at Abu Salabikh,1975," Iraq,vol.38,no.2,1976,pp.133-161.参见Steinkeller,"The Question of Lugalzagesi's Origins," pp.626-627.从阿布撒拉比赫在早王朝时期的重要性来说，即使在卢伽尔扎吉西时代已经衰落，也不能排除卢伽尔扎吉西的家族来自阿布撒拉比赫的可能。不过就数字标记计时法的使用来说，本文仍认为更有理由从乌鲁克寻找出处。关于撒拉比赫文献的出版和研究情况可参见Manfred Krebernik,"Die Texte aus Fara und Tell Abu Salabikh," in J.Bauer,R.K.Englund and M.Krebernik,Mesopotamien:Sp  turuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit,pp.237-427.(60)Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and in the Early Dynatic III Period," p.33,n.62.关于ki-lugal(-a)或ki-lugal(-ta)，参见Benjamin R.Foster,Administration and Use of Institutional Land in Sargonic Sumer,Copenhagen:Akademisk Forlag,1982,pp.81-82.另见Marchesi and Marchetti,Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia,p.111.(61)Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and  in the Early Dynatic III Period," p.33,n.62.(62)Westenholz,"Lugalzagesi," p.156.另可见Wilcke,"Orthographie,Grammatik und Literarische Form:Beobactungen zu der Vaseninschrift Lugalzaggesis(SAKI 152-156)." (63)Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," pp.21-22. (64)Wang Xianhua,The Metamorphosis of Enlil in Early Mesopotamia,pp.134-136. (65)相关文献见Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.429-432.此前Marchesi and Marchetti,Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia，第128页，注295已经提出类似的猜想，Sallaherger and Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium"第87页也注意到此可能，但都没有提供证据。《苏美尔王表》给出的恩沙库沙纳在位时间为60年，无疑过长。Marchesi and Marchetti,Royal Statuary of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia，第127页，注287的估计则可能过短。另见Marchesi,"Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia," pp.146-147. (66)Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),p.429.参见Westenholz,Old Sumerian and Old Akkadian Texts in Philadelphia,Part 1:Literary and Lexical Texts and the Earliest Administrative Documents from Nippur,p.115. (67)Powell,"Texts from the Time of Lugalzagesi:Problems and Perspectives in Their Interpretation," p.21.注意Foster,Administration and Use of Institutional Land in Sargonic Sumer第70页将其断代在古典阿卡德时期。不过新出资料已经说明，福斯特的整个断代框架需要作出彻底性的调整，要完成此任务则尚需时日。泥板手描图见http://cdli.ucla.edu/dl/tn_lineart/P212966_1.jpg,Englund and Damerov,Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative:A Joint Project of the University of California,Los Angeles,the University of Oxford,and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science,Berlin. (68)这里并不能排除这种可能性，即计时法的使用并不具有排他性的标志作用。注意鲍尔也曾猜测卢伽尔扎吉西及其父都是恩沙库沙纳在乌玛的代理，但没有提供证据支持，见Bauer,"Der vorsargonische Abshnitt der mesopotamischen Geschichte," S.493-494. (69)Frayne,Presargonic Period(2700-2350 BC),pp.375-376. (70)Lambert("La guerre entre Urukagina et Lugalzaggesin")曾经设想过，乌鲁卡基纳称王之前的拉格什至少名义上也在乌鲁克的统治之下，参见Schrakamp,"Urukagina und die Geschichte von  am Ende der pr sargonischen Zeit," pp.342-347.(71)如Marchesi,"Towaid a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia," pp.147-148; Sallaberger and Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Hlstorical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium," p.87. (72)近年来对“乌鲁卡基纳改革”的专门研究为数并不多，值得注意的有Molina,"Las 《Reformas》 de Urukagina"; Bauer,"Der vorsargonische Abshnitt der mesopotamien Geschichte"; F.  ,"Reforms of Uruinimgina," PhD dissertation,Hebrew University,2009; Schrakamp,"Urukagina und die Geschichte von am Ende der pr sargonischen Zeit."(73)目前西文主要相关研究有Haider Oraibi,"  (Umm al-Aqarib),Umma(Jokha),and in the Early Dynatic III Period"; Marchesi,"Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia"; Salvatore F.Monaco,"Some New Light on Pre-Sargonic Umma," in L.Feliu et al.,eds.,Time and History in the Ancient Near East:Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona 26-30 July 2010,Winona Lake:Eisenbrauns,2013,pp.745-750; Sallaberger and Schrakamp,"Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium"; Giuseppe Visicato,"New Light from an Unpublished Archive of Meskigalla,Ensi of Adab,Housed in the Cornell University Collections," in L.Kogan et al.,eds.,City Administration in the Ancient Near East:Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale,pp.263-271.笔者在合适的时候会另文对“两河流域早王朝末期相对年代学研究”作系统评估，而基础工作需要从姓名学(Prosopography)、古文字(Paleaography)与方言研究(Dialectology)开始，例见Robert D.Biggs,"On Regional Cuneiform Handwritings in Third Millennium Mesopotamia," Orientalia,vol.42,1973,pp.39-46; Theo J.H.Krispijn,"The Change of Official Sumerian in the City-State of  ," Acta Sumerologica,22(2000),pp.153-175; Vasily Vasilievich Struve,Onomastika rannedinasticheskogo Lagasha:izbrannye trudy,Moskva:Izdvo "Nauka",1984.（本文刊于《历史研究》2016年第3期） (责任编辑：admin) |