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注释： ①J.Hatcher and M.Bailey,Modelling the Middle Ages:The Theory and Practice of England's Economic Development,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000; Jane Whittle,ed.,Landlords and Tenants in Britain,1440-1660:Tawney's Agrarian Problem Revisited,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2013; M.Bailey,The Decline of Serfdom in Late Medieval England:From Bondage to Freedom,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2014; Maryanne Kowaleski,John Langdon and Phillipp R.Schofield,eds.,Peasants and Lords in the Medieval English Economy:Essays in Honour of Bruce M.S.Campbell,Turnhout:Brepols Publishers,2015; Phillipp R.Schofield,Peasants and Historians:Debating the Medieval English Peasantry,Manchester:Manchester University Press,2016. ②关于该词的中文译名，相当芜杂。笔者所见，就有“公簿持有农”、“公簿租户”、“公簿农民”、“世代租地农”、“佃册农”、“文书农”、“注册农”、“世袭佃册农”、“依据官册享有不动产者”、“注册土地租借人”、“公簿地产保有人”等。笔者主张将“copyholder”译为“公簿租地农”，“copyhold”译为“公簿租地”。 ③Mildred Campbell,The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts,New York:Augustus M.Kelley Publishers,1968,p.122; R.W.Hoyle,"Tenure and Land Market in Early Modern England:Or a Late Contribution to the Brenner Debate," The Economic History Review,New Series,vol.43,no.1(Feb.1990),pp.1-20; H.R.French and R.W.Hoyle,"English Individualism Refuted-and Reasserted:The Land Market of Earls Colne(Essex),1550-1750," The Economic History Review,New Series,vol.56,no.4(Nov.2003),pp.595-622; M.Bailey,The Decline of Serfdom in Late Medieval England:From Bondage to Freedom; M.Bailey,"The Transformation of Customary Tenures in Southern England,c.1350 to c.1500," Agricultural History Review,vol.62,no.2(Dec.2014),pp.187-207. ④这些法学家、法律史家以及社会经济史家的著述，在下文会逐一出现，此处不再赘述。 ⑤倪正春：《16世纪英格兰公簿持有农的土地权利安全性问题研究》，《北方论丛》2014年第4期；孙小娇：《近代早期英国公簿持有农的土地产权与土地流转》，《史林》2015年第2期。另有一篇未刊的硕士论文，参见徐洪伟：《公簿持有制的兴替》，硕士学位论文，东北师范大学，2007年。 ⑥从法律视角关注英国农民(包括公簿租地农)是晚近以来国内学界新趋势。参见孙立田：《中世纪英国维兰土地权利考察》，《世界历史》2006年第5期；咸鸿昌：《英国土地法律史——以保有权为视角的考察》，北京：北京大学出版社，2009年，第278-294页；沈汉：《英格兰中世纪的土地保有权和各种身份的土地持有者》，《贵州社会科学》2010年第10期；侯建新：《中世纪英格兰农民的土地产权》，《历史研究》2013年第4期；侯建新：《圈地运动前英国封建保有地的蜕变》，《世界历史》2018年第1期。 ⑦舒建军把政治、经济等一切学科或者科学意义上的叙事都称为“硬叙事”，其他更具有生活气息不用归类的称为“软叙事”。舒建军：《清开“三农”壅塞的言路》，《开放时代》2004年第4期，第21-32页。 ⑧W.J.Ashley,"The Character of Villein Tenure," The English Historical Review,vol.8,no.30(Apr.1893),pp.294-297; M.M.Postan,The Medieval Economy and Society:An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Ages,Harmondsworth:Penguin Books Ltd.,1972,pp.135-136; Phillipp R.Schofield,Peasant and Community in Medieval England,1200-1500,Houndmills and New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,p.17. ⑨该书的法文版本第九章标题是“tenaunt per copie de court roll”，英文标题则为“tenant by copy”，且有“tenant by copy of court roll”的表达。不过，作者并没有直接使用“copyhold”这样的词汇。(Thomas Littleton，Tenure，English New Edition Corrected,London:Law Booksellers and Publishers,1845,pp.29-30)值得注意的是，在爱德华·柯克的注释版本中，第九章标题则被表述为“Tenant at will according to the custom viz.of the copyhold lands”.这里已经出现了“copyhold”一词。Edward Coke,A Commentary on the Tenure of Littleton:Written Prior to the Publication of Coke upon Littleton,edited by Henry Cary,London:Saunder and Benning,Law Booksellers,1829,p.163. ⑩1483,Act 1 Rich.III c.4 § 1; 1493,Newminster Cartul.(1878) 195; 1511-1512,Act 3 Hen.VIII c.18.参见Oxford English Dictionary:The Definite Record of the English Language,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/41306; http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/41307. (11)John Baker,ed.,John Spelman's Reading on Quo Warranto,Delivered in Gray's Inn(Lent 1519),London:Selden Society,1997,pp.92,126. (12)1523,J.Fitzherbert Bk.Surueyeng xi.f.14.参见Oxford English Dictionary:The Definite Record of the English Language,http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/41307; Anthony Fitzherbert,The New Natura Brevium of the Most Reverend Judge Mr.Anthony Fitz-Herbert,the ninth edition,London,printed by A.Strahan and W.Woodfall,1794,vol.1,12c. (13)I.S.Leadam,ed.,Select Cases in the Court of Requests,A.D.1497-1569,London:Selden Society,1898,pp.62-64. (14)William Harrison,"A Description of England," in R.Holinshed,Holinshed's Chronicles:England,Scotland and Ireland,vol.I,England,London:Printed for J.Johnson,etc.,1807,p.275. (15)Edward Coke,Three Law Tracts,Part I,The Compleat Copyholder:A Learned Discourse of the Antiquity and Nature of Manors and Copyholds,London:His Majesty's Law-Printer,1764; Edward Coke,A Commentary on the Tenure of Littleton. (16)Charles Calthrop,The Relation between the Lord of a Mannor and the Coppy-Holder,His Tenant,London,1635,published by Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd.,1972. (17)法律史家贝克尔爵士说，16世纪末之前，英文法律文本中很少见，法文文本中的“copiehold”、“copieholder”则较为常见。John Baker,The Oxford History of the Laws of England,vol.VI,1483-1558,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003,pp.644-645. (18)W.G.Hoskins,The Age of Plunder:The England of Henry VIII,1500-1547,London and New York:Longman,1976,pp.61-62. (19)转引自W.J.Ashley,"The Character of Villein Tenure," pp.294-295. (20)Helen M.Jewell,ed.,The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield,from September 1348 to September 1350,Leeds:Yorkshire Archaeological Society,1981,pp.5,13. (21)L.R.Poos and Lloyd Bonfield,eds.,Select Cases in Manorial Courts 1250-1550:Property and Family Law,London:Selden Society,1998,pp.75-76. (22)F.G.Davenport,The Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor,1086-1565,New York:Augustus M.Kelly,Bookseller,1967,p.70.该书附录XI,pp.lxxv-lxxvi.附录中还提及1497年、1561年和1563年的三份文献，都“以树枝”(per virgam)来表达。 (23)Thomas Littleton,Tenure,p.31. (24)Eric Kerridge,Agrarian Problems in the Sixteenth Century and After,London:George Allen and Unwin Ltd.,1969,p.41. (25)R.H.Hilton,The Economic Development of Some Leicestershire Estates in the  and  Centuries,London:Oxford University Press,1947,pp.122-130,123,note 1.(26)P.D.A.Harvey,ed.,The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1984,pp.137-138. (27)Helen M.Jewell,ed.,The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield,from September 1348 to September 1350,p.6. (28)Helen M.Jewell,ed.,The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield,from September 1348 to September 1350,pp.6,9,30,38,65,75,80,95,102,104,109,130,143,174,182,187,198,221. (29)Erie Kerridge,Agrarian Problems in the Sixteenth Century and After,pp.50-51. (30)Mildred Campbell,The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts,pp.147-150. (31)R.W.Hoyle,"An Ancient and Laudable Custom:The Definition and Development of Tenant Right in North-Western England in the Sixteenth Century," Past & Present,no.116(Aug.1987),p.24. (32)Jane Whittle and Margaret Yates,"'Pays Réel or Pays Légal'? Contrasting Patterns of Land Tenure and Social Structure in Eastern Norfolk and Western Berkshire,1450-1600," The Agricultural History Review,vol.48,no.1,2000,pp.1-26. (33)Alan Macfarlane,The Origins of English Individualism:The Family Property and Social Transition,New York:Cambridge University Press,1979,p.90. (34)Edward Miller,ed.,The Agrarian History of England and Wales,vol.III,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991,p.31. (35)Mildred Campbell,The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts,pp.105-155. (36)John Baker,The Oxford History of the Laws of England,vol.VI,1483-1558,pp.633-650. (37)转引自W.J.Ashley,"The Character of Villein Tenure," pp.294-295. (38)R.H.Tawney,The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century,London and New York:Longmans,Green and Co.,1912,pp.25,48. (39)W.J.Ashley,"The Character of Villein Tenure," pp.294-297; W.G.Hoskins,The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village,London:Macmillan & Co.LTD.,1957,p.55; Mark Overton,Agricultural Revolution in England:The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy,1500-1850,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996,p.35. (40)16世纪法官费兹赫伯特、现代史学家波斯坦和霍斯金斯等人都有此确信。Anthony Fitzherbert,The New Natura Brevium of the Most Reverend Judge Mr.Anthony Fitz-Herbert,vol.1,12c; M.M.Postan,The Medieval Economy and Society:An Economic History of Britain in the Middle Ages,p.173; W.G.Hoskins,The Age of Plunder:The England of Henry VIII,1500-1547,p.61.也有例外，例如在冯塞特庄园，到1400年带有自由特征的索克曼和习惯佃户两类租地农民都成了公簿租地农。参见F.G.Davenport,The Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor,1086-1565,p.69. (41)Sir F.Pollock and F.W.Maitland,The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I,vol.I,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,first published 1895,reprinted 1978,pp.369,375,403. (42)W.S.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.III,the third edition,London:Methuen & Co.Ltd.,1923,p.206. (43)T.F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law,fifth edition,London:Butterworth & Co.(Publishers) Ltd.,1956,pp.311-313.他又特别指出，1189年之前不存在公簿租地。 (44)也有持否定态度者，如史学家弗雷德认为，在14世纪下半叶和15世纪大部分时间，英国并没有此类公簿租地。E.B.Fryde,Peasants and Landlords in Later Medieval England c.1380-c.1525,New York:St.Martin's Press,1996,pp.227-228. (45)Cicely Howell,Land,Family and Inheritance in Transition:Kibworth Harcourt 1280-1700,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983,p.51. (46)P.D.A.Harvey,"The Home Counties," in Edward Miller,ed.,The Agrarian History of England and Wales,vol.III,pp.670-671; P.D.A.Harvey,ed.,The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England,pp.337-338. (47)M.Bailey,Medieval Suffolk:An Economic and Social History 1200-1500,Woodbridge:The Boydell Press,2007,p.200; M.Bailey,"The Transformation of Customary Tenures in Southern England,c.1350 to c.1500," pp.187-207. (48)Alan Macfarlane,A Guide to English Historical Record,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983,digital version,2008,pp.73-74,75-76. (49)P.D.A.Harvey,ed.,The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England,pp.130,141. (50)L.R.Poos and Lloyd Bonfield,eds.,Select Cases in Manorial Courts 1250-1550:Property and Family Law,pp.70-71. (51)P.D.A.Harvey,ed.,The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England,p.142. (52)Thomas Littleton,Tenure,p.30. (53)Edward Coke,A Commentary on the Tenure of Littleton,p.163. (54)John Baker,The Oxford History of the Laws of England,vol.VI,1483-1558,p.645,note 112. (55)Thomas Littleton,Tenure,p.29. (56)Cicely Howell,Land,Family and Inheritance in Transition:Kibworth Harcourt 1280-1700,p.52. (57)L.R.Poos and Lloyd Bonfield,eds.,Select Cases in Manorial Courts 1250-1550:Property and Family Law,pp.35-36,40-41,42-43,95-96. (58)H.E.S.Fisher and A.R.J.Jurica,eds.,Documents in English Economic History:England from 1000 to 1760,London:G.Bell Sons Ltd.,1977,pp.108-111; A.E.Bland,P.A.Brown and R.H.Tawney,compiled and edited,English Economic History:Select Documents,London:G.Bell and Sons,Ltd.,1925,pp.65-75. (59)L.R.Poos and Lloyd Bonfield,eds.,Select Cases in Manorial Courts 1250-1550:Property and Family Law,p.64.在此，“习惯”更可能是指诸如缴纳租金的日期、准入金的安排以及转租土地的有关限制等，这就一定程度上使庄园习惯跟领主意愿有了区分。参见M.Bailey,"The Transformation of Customary Tenures in Southern England,c.1350 to c.1500," p.197. (60)Edward Miller,ed.,The Agrarian History of England and Wales,vol.III,p.632. (61)J.H.Baker,ed.,Reports of Cases by John Caryll,Part II,1501-1522,London:Selden Society,2000,pp.489-490. (62)P.D.A.Harvey,ed.,The Peasant Land Market in Medieval England,p.329. (63)Lord Ernle,English Farming:Past and Present,New(Sixth) Edition,with introductions by G.E.Fussell,O.R.McGregor,Chicago:Quadrangle Books,1961,p.23,note 1. (64)F.W.Maitland,Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts,vol.I,Henry III and Edward I,London:Selden Society,1889,p.xi.普斯等人杜撰了“梅特兰谜题”一词。参见L.R.Poos and Lloyd Bonfield,eds.,Select Cases in Manorial Courts 1250-1550:Property and Family Law,p.lxxiv. (65)Thomas Littleton,Tenure,p.30. (66)W.Blackstone,Commentaries on the English Law,St.Paul:West Publishing Co.,1897,pp.206-208,759. (67)S.F.C.密尔松：《普通法的历史基础》，李显冬等译，北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1999年，第174页。 (68)Charles Calthrop,The Relation between the Lord of a Mannor and the Coppy-Holder,His Tenant,pp.4-7. (69)T.F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law,pp.308,311. (70)A.W.B.Simpson,A History of the Land Law,London:Clarendon Press,1986,pp.163,168-169. (71)R.H.Tawney,The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century,pp.25,48. (72)Joan Thirsk,ed.,The Agrarian History of England and Wales,vol.IV,1500-1640,London:Cambridge University Press,1967,p.29. (73)J.H.Bettey,"Land Tenure and Manorial Custom in Dorset 1570 1670," in J.R.Lowerson,ed.,Southern History:A Review of the History of Southern England,vol.4,Gloucester:Alan Sutton Publishing Limited,1982,p.35. (74)欧弗顿引用了托尼的数字，还另举了多塞特郡49个庄园的数字。Mark Overton,Agricultural Revolution in England:The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy,1500-1850,p.35. (75)Alan Macfarlane,The Origins of English Individualism,p.83. (76)上文是综合克里基等人的研究成果而作出的概述。Eric Kerridge,Agrarian Problems in the Sixteenth Century and After,pp.32-35; A.Clark,"Copyhold Tenure at Felsted,Essex," The English Historical Review,vol.27,no.107(Jul.1912),pp.517-522; J.H.Bettey,"Land Tenure and Manorial Custom in Dorset 1570-1670," pp.33-54; Jane Whittle and Margaret Yates,"'Pays Réel or Pays Légal'? Contrasting Patterns of Land Tenure and Social Structure in Eastern Norfolk and Western Berkshire,1450 1600," pp.1-26. (77)R.H.Tawney,The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century,p.300. (78)Joan Thirsk,ed.The Agrarian History of England and Wales,vol.IV,1500-1640,p.685. (79)Charles M.Gray,Copyhold,Equity,and the Common Law,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1963,pp.3-19. (80)A.E.Bland,P.A.Brown and R.H.Tawney,compiled and edited,English Economic History:Select Documents,pp.85-87. (81)Alexander Savine,"Copyhold Cases in the Early Chancery Proceedings," The English Historical Review,vol.17,no.66(Apr.1902),pp.298-299. (82)Charles M.Gray,Copyhold,Equity,and the Common Law,pp.33-34. (83)I.S.Leadam,ed.,Select Cases in the Court of Requests,A.D.1497-1569,p.xx. (84)I.S.Leadam,ed.,Select Cases Before the King Council in the Star Chamber,Commonly Called the Court of Star Chamber,A.D.1477-1509,vol.I,London:Selden Society,1903,p.ix. (85)Charles M.Gray,Copyhold,Equity,and the Common Law,pp.34-49,54-66; John Baker,The Oxford History of the Laws of England,vol.VI,1483-1558,p.647. (86)Harold Garrett-Goodyear,"Common Law and Manor Courts:Lords,Copyholders and Doing Justice in Early Tudor England," in Jane Whittle,ed.,Landlords and Tenants in Britain,1440-1660:Tawney's Agrarian Problem Revisited,p.38. (87)W.S.Holdsworth,A History of English Law,vol.III,pp.208-209; F.W.Maitland,The Constitutional History of England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,reprinted 1948,pp.49-50,204-205. (88)Thomas Littleton,Tenure,pp.29,30. (89)John Baker,ed.,John Spelman's Reading On Quo Warranto,Delivered in Gray's Inn(Lent 1519),pp.92,126,140. (90)A.W.B.Simpson,A History of the Land Law,pp.163-164. (91)Edward Coke,Three Law Tracts,Part I,The Compleat Copyholder,sect.ix,p.6.笔者引用和翻译时参考了中译文，并做了改动和补充。参见约翰·克拉潘：《简明不列颠经济史：从最早时期到一七五○年》，范定九、王祖廉译，上海：上海译文出版社，1980年，第282页。 (92)T.F.T.Plucknett,A Concise History of the Common Law,p.312. 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(100)W.G.Hoskins,The Midland Peasant:The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village,pp.104-106. (101)Mildred Campbell,The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts,pp.132-134. (102)A.W.B.Simpson,A History of the Land Law,pp.170-171. (103)J.G.A.Pocock,The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law:A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,pp.257,294. (104)I.S.Leadam,ed.,Select Cases in the Court of Requests,A.D.1497-1569,pp.xvi-xvii. (105)William Harrison,"A Description of England," p.358. (106)Charles Calthrop,The Relation between the Lord of a Mannor and the Coppy-Holder,His Tenant,p.2. (107)Charles M.Gray,Copyhold,Equity,and the Common Law,p.4. (108)Wilhelm Abel,Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe:From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries,trans.Olive Ordish,London:Methuen & Co.Ltd.,1980,pp.38-40; John Hatcher,Plague,Population and the English Economy 1348-1530,London:The Macmillan Press LTD.,1977,pp.21-25; Stephen Broadberry et al.,British Economic Growth 1270-1870,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2015,p.20; Richard Britnell and John Hatcher,eds.,Progress and Problem in Medieval England:Essays in Honour of Edward Miller,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996,pp.237-272; B.H.Slicher van Bath,The Agrarian History of Western Europe,A.D.500-1850,trans.Olive Ordish,London:Edward Arnold(Publisher) LTD.,1963,p.138; Edward Miller,ed.,The Agrarian History of England and Wales,vol.III,pp.444,457,471. (109)A.R.Myers,ed.,English Historical Documents 1327-1485,London and New York:Taylor & Francis e-Library,2006,pp.1007-1008. (110)N.S.B.Gras,The Economic and Social History of an English Village:(Crawley,Hampshire) A.D.909-1928,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1930,pp.268,271-273. (111)John Hatcher,Rural Economy and Society in the Duchy of Cornwall,1300-1500,London:Cambridge University Press,1970,pp.106-109. (112)Moira Habberjam,Mary O'Regan and Brian Hale,eds.,The Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield,from October 1350 to September 1352,Leeds:Yorkshire Archaeological Society,1987,p.9. (113)P.D.A.Harvey,A Medieval Oxfordshire Village:Cuxham,1200 to 1400,London:Oxford University Press,1965,p.137. (114)H.E.S.Fisher and A.R.J.Jurica,eds.,Documents in English Economic History:England from 1000 to 1760,pp.20-22. (115)H.E.S.Fisher and A.R.J.Jurica,eds.,Documents in English Economic History:England from 1000 to 1760,pp.111-112. (116)N.S.B.Gras,The Economic and Social History of an English Village,pp.285-293. (117)Cicely Howell,Land,Family and Inheritance in Transition:Kibworth Harcourt 1280-1700,p.49. 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