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四、结语 综上所述，20世纪以来出版的一系列中世纪主教档案在西方史学界特别是教会史领域的研究中具有重要的史料价值。由于史学理论和研究范式的变迁，历史学家看待这些档案的视角与关注的层面也同步发生着改变，伴随着这些变化人们对主教档案解读不断深入，对中世纪教会以及生活与其中的不同群体也有了更为深刻的认识。 然而，需要看到的是，中世纪主教档案也有其局限性。首先，就档案所记载的内容而言，由于中世纪主教档案本身就是从主教的层面出发形成的相关内容记载，这就使得许多发生在教区其它层面的事务难以在其中寻觅踪迹。比如，同普通信徒和教士生活息息相关的事情就更多的是在相对“低层次”的执事长和监理层面进行处理，一般只有在这两个层面都无法解决或当事人不满意处理结果时才会诉诸于主教层面。所以，教区内发生的大部分“层次较低”的日常琐碎事务都无法纳入主教档案的记载范围，这对许多研究来说，特别是采用底层视角的研究来说仅仅依靠中世纪主教档案来展开相关研究在史料方面往往是不够充分的；其次，为了确保研究的可靠性，在对主教档案的有关内容进行研究和运用时应当辅助于其它史料进行考证与补充。以堂区赞助人权力发生争执为例，争议双方一般会将此类案件诉诸于世俗法庭以求裁决，那么，对此类问题的研究就需要参考世俗法庭的有关档案进行补充参照；在涉及主教档案中有关修会事务的记载时，为了提高史料的可靠性应当与修会留下的相关档案(65)进行比对研究；同理，在涉及同教宗和王室政府往来事项的研究时，也应当注重主教档案与教宗档案及王室政府档案之间的相互佐证。最后，由于原始的中世纪主教档案均用拉丁语书写而成，为了方便阅读和使用，20世纪以来出版编订的大部分主教档案都将其中的拉丁语翻译成了英语。英语版的主教档案确实提高了研究者的使用效率，但出于可靠性考虑，在运用英文版的档案时应尽可能的比对原始拉丁语主教档案使用。 *本文撰写过程中得到了林肯档案协会总主编尼古拉斯·M.本内特(Nicholas M.Bennett)博士、林肯大学中世纪教授菲利帕·霍斯金(Philippa Hoskin)教授的指导，在此一并表示感谢。 注释： ①David M.Smith,Guide to Bishops' Registers of England and Wales,A Survey from the Middle Ages to the Abolition of Episcopacy in 1646,London:University College London,1981,ix. ②David M.Smith,The Acta of Hugh of Wells,Bishop of Lincoln,1209-1235,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,2000,xxxi. ③M.T.Clanchy,From Memory to Written Record:England 1066-1307,2[nd] edition,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993,pp.299-304. ④Julia Barrow,"Why Forge Episcopal Acta? Preliminary Observation on the Forged Charters in the English Episcopal Acta Series",Philippa Hoskin,Christopher Brooke,Barrie Dobson,ed.,The Foundations of Medieval English Ecclesiastical History,studies presented to David Smith,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,2005,pp.18-40. ⑤D.M.Smith,"The Rolls of Hugh of Wells,bishop of Lincoln 1209-1235",Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research xlv,1972,pp.155-195. ⑥David M.Smith,The Acta of Hugh of Welis,Bishop of Lincoln,1209-1235,xxxiii. ⑦确认书是主教文书的一种类型，主要指主教对某些个人和组织所具有的相关权益进行证实所发布的文书。 ⑧D.M.Smith,"The Rolls of Hugh of Wells,bishop of Lincoln 1209-1235",Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research xlv,1972,pp.155-195. ⑨David M.Smith,Guide to Bishops' Registers of England and Wales,A Survey from the Middle Ages to the Abolition of Episcopacy in 1646,London:University College London,1981,p.107. ⑩莱克星顿的亨利在任时期编订的主教档案较少，现保存下来的主要是在亨廷顿执事长辖区的教士任命记录，收录在罗伯特·格罗斯泰斯特的卷档之中。参见F.N.Davis,ed.,Rotuli Roberti Grosseteste,Episcopi Lincolniensis,A.D.MCCXXXVMCCLIII,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,1917,pp.508-14。 (11)Rosalind M.T.Hill,ed.,The Rolls and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton 1280-1299,Vol.I-VIII,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,1948-1986. (12)根据教会法规定，一旦某堂区教士空缺超过6个月，该堂区的教士推荐权(advowson/patronage)归主教所有，直到其原赞助人向主教推荐合适的候选人为止，主教在此种情况下享有的推荐权被称为空缺堂区推荐权(collation)。 (13)由罗莎琳德编订的8卷本奥利弗·萨顿档案汇编现已由林肯档案协会出版完毕，其中第1卷是林肯执事长辖区教士任命记录、第2卷是北安普顿执事长辖区教士任命记录、第3-6卷是主教1290年以后的各种教区管理文件的备忘录，第7卷时主教1290-1299年主持的教士神品等级晋升记录、第8卷是主教在除林肯和北安普顿执事长辖区的教士任命记录、主教推荐教士记录、主教扣押和没收教会财产记录等。其中第3-6卷的备忘录信息涉及极为丰富。 (14)David M.Smith,Guide to Bishops' Registers of England and Wales,A Survey from the Middle Ages to the Abolition of Episcopacy in 1646,p.105. (15)Rosalind M.T.Hill,ed.,The Rolls and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton 1280-1299,Vol.III,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,1954,xxix. (16)一般情况下，当主教萨顿外出巡视教区时，除了服务主教的侍从、忏悔神父等，还包括其主教官员斯科尔比和另外两名登记员(scribes)，常为主教的私人教士。Rosalind M.T.Hill,ed.,The Rolls and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton 1280-1299,Vol.I,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,1954,xvii-xviii。 (17)伊利主教档案起始时间并不确定，据推测可能始于主教约翰·霍特姆(John Hotham,1316-1337)任职时期，参见David M.Smith,Guide to Bishops' Registers of England and Wales,A Survey from the Middle Ages to the Abolition of Episcopacy in 1646,p.105。 (18)Philippa Hoskin,ed.,Robert Grosseteste as Bishop of Lincoln,the Episcopal Rolls,1235-1253,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,2005,xxv. (19)1900-1949年是地方档案协会形成和发展的重要时期，在这半个世纪内，英国一共有14个郡档案协会成立，比如1901年的苏塞克斯档案协会(Sussex Record Society)、1903年的索顿协会(Thoroton Society)、1910年的林肯档案协会(Lincoln Record Society)、1912年的肯特考古学会(Kent Archaeological Society)和贝德福德郡历史档案协会(Bedfordshire Historical Society)等。1904年成立的天主教档案协会(Catholic Record Society)和坎特伯雷和约克协会(Canterbury and York Society)则是重在出版与英格兰教会有关的档案。1950年后又陆续出现了类似多斯特、伦敦、剑桥、德比、路特兰、赫特福德等地方档案协会。到20世纪末，几乎所有英格兰的郡都成立了自己的档案协会。 (20)坎特伯雷和约克系英格兰两个大主教教座所在地。坎特伯雷和约克协会成立于1904年，以专业出版宗教改革之前英格兰教会史档案知名，其第一任主编为W.P.W.菲尔莫尔(1853-1913)，同时他也是当时倡议成立英格兰各地方档案协会的主要代表人物。截止到2016年，该出版机构已经先后出版了106卷各主教区的档案。 (21)W.P.W.Phillimore,ed.,Rotuli Hugonis de Welles,Episcopi Lincolniensis,1209-1235,3 Volumes,London:Canterbury & York Society,1907-1914. (22)F.N.Davis,ed.,Rotuli Roberti Grosseteste,Episcopi Lincolniensis,A.D.MCCXXXV-MCCLIII,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,1917. (23)C.W.Foster,ed.,Lincoln Episcopal Records in the Time of Thomas Cooper,Bishop of Lincoln,1571-1584,London:Canterbury & York Society,1913. (24)N.H.Bennett,ed.,The Register of Richard Fleming,Bishop of Lincoln,1420-31,Vol.I,II,London:Canterbury & York Society,1984,2009. (25)A.H.Thompson,ed.,Visitations of Religious Houses in the Diocese of Lincoln,2 Volumes,London:Canterbury & York Society,1915-27. (26)A.K.McHardy,ed.,Royal Writs addressed to John Buckingham,Bishop of Lincoln,1363-1398:Lincoln Register 12B:a Calendar,London:Canterbury & York Society,1997. (27)Philippa Hoskin,ed.,Robert Grosseteste as Bishop of Lincoln,the Episcopal Rolls,1235-1253,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,2005. (28)1280-1290年之前的“备忘录”现已丢失。 (29)Rosalind M.T.Hill,ed.,The Rolls and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton 1280-1299,Vol.I:Institutions to benefice and confirmations of heads of religious houses in the archdeaconry of Lincoln,Suffolk:The Boydell Press,1948; Vol.II:Institutions to benefice and confirmations of heads of religious houses in the archdeaconry of Northampton,1950; Vol.III-VII:Memoranda,May 19,1290-Sempterber 19,1299,1954-1986. (30)该卷档案汇编是在大卫·斯密斯博士论文基础上进行的整理和编订。参见David M.Smith,The Administration of Hugh of Wells,Bishop of Lincoln 1209-1235,PhD Thesis of Nottingham University,1970。 (31)Nicholas Bennett,ed.,The Registers of Henry Burghersh 1320-1342,3 Volumes,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,2003-2011. (32)A.Hamilton Thompson,ed.,Visitation of Religious Houses in the Diocese of Lincoln,injunctions and other documents from the registers of Richard Fleming and William Gray,bishop of Lincoln,A.D.1420-1436,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,1914,1918,1929. (33)W.Holtzmann,ed.,Papal Decretals Relating to the Diocese of Lincoln in the Twelfth Century,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,1954. (34)A.K.McHardy,ed.,Clerical Poll-taxes of the Diocese of Lincoln,1377-1381,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,1992. (35)N.Bennett,Lincolnshire Parish Clergy c.1214-1968,A Biographical Register,Part I:The Deaneries of Aslacoe and Aveland,LRS,103,2013; Part II,The Deaneries of Beltisloe and Bolingbroke,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,2015. (36)R.G.Griffiths,ed.,Registrum Thorne de Cantilupo,Episcopi Herefordensis,1275-82,London:Canterbury & York Society,1907; A.T Bannister,ed.,Registrum Caroli Bothe,Episcopi Herefordensis,1516-1535,London:Canterbury & York Society,1921. (37)Marion Gibbs and Jane Lang,Bishops and Reform,1215-1272:with Special Reference to the Lateran Council of 1215,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1934.(该书由两部分组成，第一部分由马里昂·吉布斯撰写，研究了13世纪英格兰主教人员的构成和其职位的选举，第二部分由简·朗撰写，研究了13世纪主教对第四次拉特兰大公会议教令的落实情况。) (38)Marion Gibbs and Jane Lang,Bishops and Reform,1215-1272:with Special Reference to the Lateran Council of 1215,p.175. (39)C.R.Cheney,From Beck to Langton:English Church Government 1170-1213,Manchester University Press,Reprinted 1965.(虽然作者本文探讨的结束的时间选在1215年第四次拉特兰大公会议召开之前，但从具体章节内容看，并不局限于此。) (40)C.R.Cheney,English Bishops' Chanceries 1100-1250,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1950. (41)C.R.Cheney,Episcopal Visitations of Monasteries in the Thirteenth Century,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1931. (42)A.Hamilton Thompson,The English Clergy and Their Organization in the Later Middle Ages,Oxford:Oxford at the Clarendon Press,1947. (43)A.Hamilton Thompson,The English Clergy and Their Organization in the Later Middle Ages,pp.105-108. (44)David M.Smith,The Administration of Hugh of Wells,Bishop of Lincoln 1209-1235,unpublished PhD Thesis of University of Nottingham,1970. (45)David M.Smith,The Administration of Hugh of Wells,Bishop of Lincoln 1209-1235,pp.261-264. (46)J.R.H.Moorman,Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2010. (47)William Abel Pantin,The English Church in Fourteenth Century,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1955. (48)J.R.H.Moorman,Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century,pp.1-12. (49)William Abel Pantin,The English Church in Fourteenth Century,pp.76-102. (50)M.Bowker,The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln,1495-1520,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1968. (51)A.Hamilton Thompson,ed.,Visitation in the Diocese of Lincoln 1517-1531,3 Volumes,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,1940,1944,1947. (52)Peter Heath,The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation,London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1969. (53)Peter Heath,The English Parish Clergy on the Eve of the Reformation,pp.44-47. (54)Virginia Davis,Clergy in London in the Late Middle Ages:A Register of Clergy ordained in the Diocese of London based on Episcopal Ordination Lists,1361-1539,London:Centre for Metropolitan History,2000. (55)N.Bennett,Lincolnshire Parish Clergy c.1214-1968,A Biographical Register,Part I:The Deaneries of Aslacoe and Aveland,Lincoln:Lincoln Record Society,2013; Part II,The Deaneries of Beltisloe and Bolingbroke,2015. (56)R.N.Swanson,Church and Society in Late Medieval England,Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1989. (57)R.N.Swanson,Church and Society in Late Medieval England,pp.54-57. (58)R.N.Swanson,Religion and Devotion in Europe,c.1215-c.1515,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.(中译本：罗伯特·诺布尔·斯旺森著，龙秀清，张日元译：《欧洲的宗教与虔诚1215-1515》，上海三联书店，2012年。) (59)Philippa Hoskin,"Robert Grosseteste and the Simple Benefice:A Novel Solution to the Complexities of Lay Presentation",Journal of Medieval History,40(1)(2014 ).pp.24-43. (60)Philippa Hoskin and Elizabeth New,"A Preliminary Study of Fingerprints Ride Detail on Medieval Seals from Hereford Cathedral",International Journal of the Fingerprints Society,41(160),pp.4-14;"Imprint:A Forensic and Historical Investigation of Fingerprints on Medieval Seals",Medieval Prosopography,2018. (61)Ian Forrest,The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005. (62)Ian Forrest,"The Transformation of Visitation in Thirteenth-Century England",Past and Present,no.221(2013),pp.3-38. (63)Michael Burger,Bishops,Clerks,and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-Century England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012. (64)此话引自笔者对菲利帕·霍斯金的专访内容之中：《近些年来英国教会史发展的主要趋势》，目前未公开发表。 (65)有关此类档案的使用可参见G.R.C.Davis,ed.,Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain and Ireland,London:The British Library,2010。 (责任编辑：admin) |