|
注释： ①国内研究参见白建才：《试论核武器在冷战发生、发展和结束中的作用》，《陕西师范大学学报》2000年第1期；张小明：《冷战及其遗产》，上海：上海人民出版社，1998年，第117-123页。 ②Herbert Feis,The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1966,pp.190-201; Robert J.Maddox,Weapons for Victory:The Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later,Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1995,pp.163-164; Wilson D.Miscamble,The Most Controversial Decision Truman the Atomic Bombs and the Defeat ofJapan,New York:Cambridge University Press,2011,pp.147,151. ③P.M.S.Blackett,Fear,War and the Bomb:Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy,New York:Whittlesey House,1949,pp.127-139; Gar Alperovitz,Atomic Diplomacy:Hiroshima and Potsdam,New York:Vintage,1965,pp.237-242; Gar Alperovitz,The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth,New York:Knopf,1995,pp.128-129; Richard D.Burns and Joseph M.Siracusa,A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race,vol.1,Santa Barbara:Praeger,2013,p.38. ④Barton Bernstein,“The Atomic Bomb and American Foreign Policy,1941-1945,” Peace and Change,vol.2,no.1(Spring 1974),pp.1-16; J.Samuel Walker,“The Decision to Use the Bomb:A Historiographical Update,” in Michael Hogan,ed.,America in the World,New York:Cambridge University Press,1995; J.Samuel Walker,“Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision,” Diplomatic History,vol.29,no.2(April 2005),pp.311-334; Michael Kort,“The Historiography of Hiroshima,” New England Journal of History,vol.64(Fall 2007),pp.31-48. ⑤David Kearn,“The Baruch Plan and the Quest for Atomic Disarmament,” Diplomacy and Statecraft,vol.21,no.1(March 2010),p.59; Larry Gerber,“The Baruch Plan and the Origins of the Cold War,” Diplomatic History,vol.6,no.1(January 1982),p.82. ⑥Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko,The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War,New Haven:Yale University Press,2008,pp.167-168. ⑦Martin J.Sherwin,A World Destroyed:The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance,New York:Random House,1977,p.114; Barton Bernstein,ed.,The Atomic Bomb:The Critical Issues,Boston:Little,Brown and Company,1976,p.97. ⑧Bundy,“Memorandum of Meeting at 10Downing Street on July 22,1943,” Harrison-Bundy Files Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb(以下简称Harrison-Bundy Files),1942-1946,Record Group 77,Roll 3,Folder 47,National Archives; Groves,“Diplomatic History of Manhattan Project,” Record Group 77,Manhattan Engineer District Files,Roll 10,National Archives. ⑨Foreign Relations of the United States(FRUS),The Conferences at Washington and Quebec,1943,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1970,pp.1117-1119. ⑩Niels Bohr,The Political Arena,Oxford:Elsevier,2008,pp.87-88; Herman Feshbach,Tetsuo Matsui and Alexandra Oleson,eds.,Niels Bohr:Physics and the World,London:Routledge,2014,pp.319-330; Abraham Pais,Niels Bohr’s Times,New York:Oxford University Press,1991,p.498. (11)Frankfurter to Halifax,April 18,1945,Frankfurter-Bohr Folder,Box 34,Oppenheimer Papers,Library of Congress; Richard Rhodes,The Making of the Atomic Bomb,New York:Simon and Schuster,1986,pp.526-527. (12)Margaret Gowing,Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945,London:Macmillan Press,1964,p.352; Joseph Lieberman,The Scorpion and the Tarantula:The Struggle to Control Atomic Weapons,1945-1949,Boston:Houghton,1970,pp.32-33. (13)Margaret Gowing,Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945,p.355. (14)Bohr to Churchill,May 22,1945,Frankfurter-Bohr Folder,Box 34,Oppenheimer Papers; Kevin Ruane,Churchill and the Bomb in War and Cold War,London:Bloomsbury,2016,p.80. (15)Martin J.Sherwin,A World Destroyed,p.108. (16)Bohr to Roosevelt,July 3,1944,Frankfurter-Bohr Folder,Box 34,Oppenheimer Papers; Abraham Pais,Niels Bohr’s Times,p.501; Robert Gilpin,American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1965,pp.42-44. (17)Stefan Rozental,ed.,Niels Bohr,New York:Wiley,1967,pp.197-199; Margaret Gowing,Britain and Atomic Energy,1939-1945,p.357. (18)Niels Bohr,The Political Arena,pp.109-110; Bohr to Roosevelt,September 7,1944; Bohr to Roosevelt,March 25,1945,Frankfurter-Bohr Folder,Box 34,Oppenheimer Papers. (19)Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson,The New World,1939-1946,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Atomic Energy Commission,1962,pp.328-329; James G.Hershberg,James B.Conant:Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age,New York:Knopf,1993,pp.198-199; Martin J.Sherwin,A World Destroyed,p.118. (20)“Agreement and Declaration of Trust,” June 13,1944,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 3,Folder 49; Jonathan E.Helmreich,Gathering Rare Ores:The Diplomacy of Uranium Acquisition,1943-1954,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1986,p.48; Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson,The New World,1939-1946,pp.285-286. (21)FRUS,The Conference at Quebec,1944,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1972,pp.492-493. (22)Martin J.Sherwin,A World Destroyed,p.284; Margaret Gowing,Britain and Atomic Energy,p.358. (23)Bush,“Memo for Conant,September 25,1944,” Bush-Conant File Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb,1940-1945,Record 277,Roll 2,Folder 10,National Archives; James G.Hershberg,James B.Conant,p.216; Robert Dallek,Franklin D.Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,New York:Oxford University Press,1995,p.471. (24)Bush and Conant to Stimson,September 30,1944,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 5,Folder 69. (25)Stimson Diaries,December 31,1944,vol.49,p.143,Yale University Library; February 15,1945,vol.80,pp.112-113; Sean L.Malloy,Atomic Tragedy:Henry L.Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb against Japan,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,2008,p.85. (26)J.W.Pickersgill and D.F.Forster,eds.,The Mackenzie King Record,vol.2,Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1968,pp.326-327; Warren F.Kimball,Forged in War:Roosevelt,Churchill,and the Second World War,New York:William Morrow,1997,p.280; Barton Bernstein,“The Uneasy Alliance:Roosevelt,Churchill,and the Atomic Bomb,1940-1945,” Western Political Quarterly,vol.29,no.2(June 1976),p.228. (27)Leslie Groves,Now It Can be Told,New York:Harper,1962,pp.237-238; Francis Smith,“Memorandum for the Files,” April 7,1945,Correspondence of the Manhattan Engineer District,1942-1946,Microfilm Publication M1109,Roll 2,File 7F,National Archives. (29)Henry L.Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,On Active Service in Peace and War,New York:Farrar,Straus and Giroux,1971,p.636. (29)“Memo Discussed with President,” April 25,1945,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 4,Folder 60; Stimson Diaries,April 25,1945,vol.51,pp.68-69; May 14,1945,vol.51,p.126; Michael Stoff,Jonathan Fanton and R.Hal Williams,eds.,The Manhattan Project:A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age,New York:McGraw-Hill,1991,pp.93-96. (30)Albert Berger,Life and Times of the Atomic Bomb,New York:Routledge,2016,p.76; Leo Szilard,“Atomic Bomb and the Postwar Position of the United States in the World,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists,vol.3,no.12(December 1947),pp.351-353; Alice Kimball Smith,APerilandaHopeThe Scientists’MovementinAmerica194547,Cambridge:The MIT Press,1971,pp.28-29. (31)“A Report to the Secretary of War,” June 1945,Bulletin of Atomic Scientist,vol.1,no.10(May 1946),pp.2-4; Alice Kimball Smith,A Peril and a Hope,pp.43-46,371-383; Robert Gilpin,American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy,pp.44-47. (32)Richard Rhodes,The Making of the Atomic Bomb,p.749; Harrison,“Memorandum for the Secretary of War,” June 26,1945,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 6,Folder 77. (33)G.Pascal Zachary,Endless Frontier:Vannevar Bush,Engineer of the American Century,Cambridge:The MIT Press,1999,pp.215-216. (34)Arneson,“Notes on the Basic Interim Committee Meeting,” June 21,1945,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 8,Folder 100; Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson,The New World,1939-1946,pp.356-357. (35)Arneson,“Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting,” May 31,1945,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 8,Folder 100; FRUS,1945,vol.2,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1967,pp.12-13; Stimson Diaries,May 31,1945,vol.51,p.146; July 3,1945,vol.52,p.12; Barton Bernstein,“Roosevelt,Truman,and the Atomic Bomb,1941-1945,” Political Science Quarterly,vol.90,no.1(Spring 1975),p.40. (36)Stimson Diaries,June 6,1945,vol.51,pp.159-160. (37)Leo Szilard,“Reminiscences,” Perspectives in American History,vol.2,1968,p.128; J.Samuel Walker,Utter Destruction:Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs against Japan,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2004,p.18. (38)Arneson,“Notes of the Interim Committee Meeting,” May 31,1945,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 8,Folder 100; Michael Stoff,Jonathan Fanton and R.Hal Williams,eds.,The Manhattan Project,pp.114-115. (39)Gar Alperovitz,The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth,pp.148-149; Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin,American Prometheus:The Triumph and Tragedy of J.Robert Oppenheimer,New York:Knopf,2005,p.304. (40)Stimson Diaries,July 23,1945,vol.52,pp.35-36; Robert Ferrell,ed.,Off the Record:The Private Papers of Harry S.Truman,New York:Harper &Row,1980,p.54; Robert Messer,The End of an Alliance,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1982,p.105. (41)Leon Sigal,Fighting to a Finish:The Politics of War Termination in the United States and Japan,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1989,p.97; Wilson Miscamble,From Roosevelt to Truman:Potsdam,Hiroshima,and the Cold War,New York:Cambridge University Press,2007,p.202. (42)Tsuyoshi Hasegawa,Racing the Enemy:Stalin,Truman,and the Surrender of Japan,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2005,pp.160-165; Frank Settle,General George C.Marshall and the Atomic Bomb,Santa Barbara:Praeger,2016,p.122. (43)J.Samuel Walker,Utter Destruction,pp.64-65; Martin J.Sherwin,A World Destroyed,p.224. (44)Kevin Ruane,Churchill and the Bomb in War and Cold War,p.129. (45)Sean L.Malloy,Atomic Tragedy,p.133; Henry L.Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,On Active Service in Peace and War,pp.638-639. (46)Stimson Diaries,July 21,22and 23,1945,vol.52,pp.31-36; Michael Stoff,Jonathan Fanton and R.Hal Williams,eds.,The Manhattan Project,pp.209-210. (47)Harry Truman,Memoirs:Years of Decision,Garden City,NY:Doubleday,1955,p.416; James Byrnes,Speaking Frankly,New York:Harper &Brothers Publishers,1947,p.263. (48)Barton Bernstein,“The Quest for Security:American Foreign Policy and International Control of Atomic Energy,1942-1946,” The Journal of American History,vol.60,no.4(March 1974),p.1025. (49)John L.Gaddis et al.,Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb:Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945,New York:Oxford University Press,1999,p.45; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov,Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1996,p.42. (50)Joseph Lieberman,The Scorpion and the Tarantula,p.198; Lawrence Freedman,The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy,London:Macmillan Press,1987,p.60. (51)Robert Messer,The End of an Alliance,pp.127-128; Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko,The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War,pp.97-98. (52)刘玉宝、张广翔：《国外核情报与苏联原子弹的研制——基于俄罗斯解密档案文献的研究》，《历史研究》2015年第1期，第139页。 (53)Stephen Zaloga,Target America:The Soviet Union and the Strategic Arms Race,1945-1964,Novato:Presidio,1993,p.27; John L.Gaddis,We Now Know:Rethinking Cold War History,New York:Oxford University Press,1997,pp.95-96. (54)David Holloway,The Soviet Union and the Arms Race,New Haven:Yale University Press,1983,p.20; Ann Lane and Howard Temperley,eds.,The Rise and Fall of the Grand Alliance,1941-45,New York:St.Martin’s Press,1995,pp.216-217. (55)Mark Kramer,“Documenting the Early Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin,Winter 1995/1996,pp.269-270; David Holloway,Stalin and the Bomb:The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy,1939-1956,New Haven:Yale University Press,1994,p.129; Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko,The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War,p.96. (56)David Holloway,Stalin and the Bomb,pp.148,149;“Stalin’s Secret Order,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin,Fall 1994,p.5. (57)“Memo for the Record,” August 18,1945,Harrison-Bundy Files,Roll 8,Folder 98; FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.56,60-62. (58)George Kennan,Memoirs,1925-1950,Boston:Little,Brown and Company,1967,pp.296-297. (59)Henry L.Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,On Active Service in Peace and War,pp.640-641. (60)FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.40-41; Stimson Diaries,September 4,1945,vol.52,p.90; September 5,1945,vol.52,p.92; September 17,1945,vol.52,p.136. (61)Stimson,“Memorandum for the President:Proposed Action for Control of Atomic Bombs,” September 11,1945,Stimson Papers,Roll 113; FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.41-44; Henry L.Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,On Active Service in Peace and War,pp.642-646. (62)Bush,“Scientific Interchange on Atomic Energy,” September 25,1945,Digital National Security Archive(DNSA),Nuclear Non-Proliferation,NP 00004. (63)FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.48-50,54-55; Dean Acheson,Present at the Creation:My Years in the State Department,New York:W.W.Norton,1969,pp.124-125. (64)Walter Mills,ed.,The Forrestal Diaries,New York:Viking Press,1951,pp.95-96; James Forrestal,“Atomic Bomb,” October 1,1945,DNSA,Nuclear Non-Proliferation,NP 00005. (65)“Keep Bomb Secret,Gen.Groves Urges,” The New York Times,September 22,1945; Gar Alperovitz,The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth,p.133; Gregg Herken,The Winning Weapon:The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War,1945-1950,New York:Knopf,1980,pp.111-112. (66)James Schnabel and Robert Watson,The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy,1945-1947,Washington,D.C.:Office of Joint History,Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,1996,pp.120,128; The Joint Chiefs of Staff,“Memorandum for the President,” October 23,1945,DNSA,Nuclear Non-Proliferation,NP 00006. (67)Haynes Johnson and Bernard Gwertzman,Fulbright:The Dissenter,Garden City:Doubleday,1968,pp.99-100. (68)Shane Maddock,Nuclear Apartheid:The Quest for American Atomic Supremacy from World War II to the Present,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2010,p.36; C.P.Trussell,“Congress is Keyed to Receive Message of Truman Today,” The New York Times,September 6,1945; Felix Belair,“Plea to Give Soviet Atom Secret Stirs Debate in Cabinet,” The New York Times,September 22,1945;“House Group Asks Secrecy on Bomb,” The New York Times,October 2,1945. (69)U.S.Department of State,The International Control of Atomic Energy:Growth of a Policy,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1948,p.13; Hazel G.Erskine,“The Polls:Atomic Weapons and Nuclear Energy,” The Public Opinion Quarterly,vol.27,no.2(Summer 1963),p.164. (70)“64Educators Ask Atom Data Sharing,” The New York Times,September 10,1945; Alice Kimball Smith,A Peril and a Hope,pp.93-95. (71)Paul Boyer,By the Bomb’s Early Light:American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1994,p.52. (72)Alice K.Smith and Charles Weiner,eds.,Robert Oppenheimer:Letters and Recollections,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1980,pp.293-294; Richard Rhodes,The Making of the Atomic Bomb,pp.751-752. (73)James Schnabel and Robert Watson,The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy,1945-1947,p.116; Felix Belair,“Truman Suggests Atomic Ban,U.S.Control Body,” The New York Times,October 4,1945. (74)John L.Gaddis,The United States and the Origins of the Cold War,1941-1947,New York:Columbia University Press,1972,p.270. (75)FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.63,69-73; David Tal,The American Nuclear Disarmament Dilemma,1945-1963,Syracuse:Syracuse University Press,2008,pp.13-14. (76)“Three-Nation Declaration on Atomic Energy,” The New York Times,November 16,1945. (77)FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.75-76,84-85. (78)Samuel Tower,“Big 3 Talk Asked,” The New York Times,November 12,1945; Brooks Atkinson,“Moscow Distrust Believed Growing,” The New York Times,November 17,1945; Brooks Atkinson,“Russian Charges Atom Imperialism,” The New York Times,November 19,1945;“Moscow Condemns Revision of Pacts,” The New York Times,December 10,1945; Joseph Lieberman,The Scorpion and the Tarantula,pp.201-203. (79)Scott Parrish,“A Diplomat Reports,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin,Spring 1992,p.21; Campbell Craig and Sergey Radchenko,The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War,pp.100-101. (80)FRUS,1945,vol.2,p.83; vol.5,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1967,p.923; Barton Bernstein,ed.,The Atomic Bomb,pp.133-134. (81)Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson,The New World,1939-1946,p.470. (82)David Holloway,Stalin and the Bomb,p.159. (83)FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.93,96-97. (84)Tom Connally,My Name is Tom Connally,New York:Crowell,1954,p.287; Arthur Vandenberg,The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg,Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1952,pp.227-228. (85)FRUS,1945,vol.2,pp.609-610; Gregg Herken,The Winning Weapon,p.80. (86)FRUS,1946,vol.1,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1972,pp.761-764; Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin,American Prometheus,pp.340-341. (87)David Lilienthal,The Journals of David E.Lilienthal,vol.2,New York:Harper and Row,1964,p.30; Harry Truman,Memoirs:Years of Trial and Hope,Garden City:Doubleday,1956,pp.8-9. (88)Dean Acheson,Present at the Creation,p.155; FRUS,1946,vol.1,pp.846-851. (89)U.S.Department of State,Documents on Disarmament,1945-1959,vol.1,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1960,pp.7-16;“Baruch’s Speech at Opening Session of U.N.Atomic Energy Commission,” The New York Times,June 15,1946. (90)Drew Middleton,“Baruch Atom Plan Spurned by Pravda,” The New York Times,June 25,1946; U.S.Department of State,Documents on Disarmament,1945-1959,vol.1,pp.17-24. (91)Harry Truman,Memoirs:Years of Trial and Hope,p.11; Arnold A.Offner,Another Such Victory:President Truman and the Cold War,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2002,p.149. (92)David Lilienthal,The Journals of David E.Lilienthal,vol.2,p.123; Larry Gerber,“The Baruch Plan and the Origins of the Cold War,” p.76. (93)Hazel G.Erskine,“The Polls:Atomic Weapons and Nuclear Energy,” p.168. (94)Shane Maddock,Nuclear Apartheid,pp.61-62; FRUS,1946,vol.1,p.739. (95)U.S.Department of State,The International Control of Atomic Energy,p.117; McGeorge Bundy,Danger and Survival:Choices about Bomb in the First Fifty Years,New York:Random House,1988,pp.133-134. (96)Arnold A.Offner,Another Such Victory,p.109; Michael D.Gordin,Red Cloud at Dawn:Truman,Stalin,and the End of the Atomic Monopoly,New York:Picador,2009,p.40. (97)FRUS,1946,vol.6,Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1969,pp.696-709; Thomas Etzold and John Gaddis,eds.,Containment:Documents on American Policy and Strategy,1945-1950,New York:Columbia University Press,1978,pp.50-71; Melvyn Leffler,A Preponderance of Power:National Security,the Truman Administration,and the Cold War,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1992,pp.131-138. (98)John L.Gaddis,The United States and the Origins of the Cold War,p.335; Walter Mills,ed.,The Forrestal Diaries,p.200. (99)Lauris D.Norstad,“Memorandum for Major General Leslie Groves,” September 15,1945,Correspondence of the Manhattan Engineer District,1942-1946,Roll 1,Folder 3,National Archives. (100)Joint Chiefs of Staff,“Over-All Effect of Atomic Bomb on Warfare and Military Organization,” October 30,1945,DNSA,Nuclear Non-Proliferation,NP 00007. (101)FRUS,1946,vol.1,p.744. (102)Melvyn Leffler,A Preponderance of Power,p.116; Richard Hewlett and Oscar Anderson,The New World,1939-1946,p.575; Barton Bernstein,“The Quest for Security,” p.1036. (103)Steven Ross,American War Plans,1945-1950,London:Frank Cass,1996,pp.25-50; Michael S.Sherry,Preparing for the Next War:American Plans for Postwar Defense,1941-1945,New Haven:Yale University Press,1977,pp.213-216. (104)Drew Middleton,“Russian Questions U.S.Faith on Atom,” The New York Times,July 4,1946;“Soviet Has Atomic Bomb Ready to Test,Russian Scientist Implies,” The New York Times,August 13,1946. (105)Gar Alperovitz,Atomic Diplomacy,p.13; James Chance,“Sharing the Atom Bomb,” Foreign Affairs,vol.75,no.1(January-February 1996),pp.142-144. (106)Leslie Groves,Now It Can Be Told,p.141; Gregg Herken,The Winning Weapon,p.106. (责任编辑：admin) |