注释：
    ①Michael D.Innocenzo and Josef P.Sirefman,Immigration and Ethnic-ity,Hofstra University,1992,Introduction.
    ②Lucie Cheng and Edna Bonacich,Labor Immigration Under Capitalism,University of California,1984,p.214.
    ③Luciano Mangiafico,Contemporary American Immigrants,New York:Pr-aeger,1988,p.112.
    ④D.Y·Yuan,Chinese-American Population,Hong Kong:UEA Press Ltd,1988,p.14.
    ⑤Colleen Leahy Johnson,Growing Up and Growing Old in Italian-Ame-rican Families,New Jersey:Rutgers University Press,1985,p.24.
    ⑥Francesco Cordasco,Dictionary of American Immigration History,TheScarecrow Press,Inc.1990,pp.429-430.
    ⑦Harry H.L.kitano and Roger Daniels,Asian Americans:Emerging Min-orities,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1988,p.20-21.
    ⑧Luciano Mangiafico,Ibid,p.112.
    ⑨Foerster,Italian Emigration of Our Times,Cambridge,1919,p.21,in Rudolph J.Vecoli and Suzanne M.Sinke,A Century of European Migrations,1830-1930,University of Illinois,1991,p.26.
    ⑩Roger Daniels,"Chinese and Japanese in North America:The Caradi-an and American Experiences Compared"in George E.Pozzetta,American Im-migration and Ethnicity,Vol.1,p.96.
    （11）Claire Jones,The Chinese in America,Minneapolis:Learner Publi-cations Company,1972,p.68.
    （12）Colleen Leahy Johnson,Ibid,p.25;Valentine J.Belfiglio,"Italians in Small Town and Rural Texas",in Rudolph J.Vecoli,Italian Immigra-nts in Rural and Small Town America,American Italian Historical Assoc-iation,1987,p.35.
    （13）Philip Di Franco,The Italian American Experience,New York:Tom Doherty Associates,Inc.,1988,pp.80-82;Vincent N.Parrillo,Strangers to These Shores,New York:macmillan Publishing Company,1990,p.197.
    （14）Computed from Mary R.Coolidge,Chinese Immigration,New York:Ho-lt,1909,table,p.498,in Virginia yans-Mclaughlin Immigration reconside-red,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990,p.38.
    （15）Harry H.L.Kitano and roger Daniels,Ibid,pp.19-20.
    （16）S.Dale Mclemore,Racial and Ethnic Relations in America,Allyn a-nd Bacon,Fourth Edition,1994,p.78.
    （17）Dino Cinel,From Italy to San Francisco;The Immigrant Experience,Stanford:Stanford University press,1982,p.46,in Virginia Yans-Mcla-ughlin,Immigration Reconsidered,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990,p.38.
    （18）Philip Di Franco,Ibid,pp.102-103.
    （19）Betty Lee Sung,Mountains of Gold:story of the Chinese in Amer-ica,New York:Macmillan,1967,p.39.
    （20）H.M.Lai,"Chinese"in Handlin,Harvard Encyclopedia,p.291.
    （21）Philip Di Franco,Ibid,p.82.