注释: ①参见Julia Lovell,The Opium War:Drugs,Dreams and the Making of China,London:Picador,September 2011。 ②参见Jane Macartney,A Drug's Long Legacy,The Times,London,UK,3 September,2011。 ③哈利·盖尔伯的履历见http://bloomsbury.com/Harry-Gelber/authors/2636,2012-1-21。 ④参见Harry Gelber,Opium,Soldiers and Evangelicals:England's 1840-42 War with China and Its Aftermath,London:Palgrave Macmillan,February 2004。 ⑤参见Guardian,London,UK,Friday 02 September 2011,http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/sep/O2/opium-war-julia-lovell-review/print.Rana Mitter。 ⑥参见Independent,London,UK,Friday,07 October 2011,http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-opium-war-by-julia-lovell-2366416.html? rintService=print。 ⑦参见London Review of Books,London,UK,V.33,2011,No.21,http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n21/bernard-porter/where-is-this-england。 ⑧参见Bernard Porter,Where Is This England? London Review of Books,London,UK,V.33,2011,No.21,http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n21/bernard-porter/where-is-this-england。 ⑨参见Harry Gelber,Opium,Soldiers and Evangelicals:England's 1840-42 War with China and Its Aftermath,London and New York:Palgrave Mcmillan,February,2004。 ⑩参见Peter Ward Fay,The Opium War,1840-1842,Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,1975。 (11)严格来说,直至宋元,中国对海外贸易均持开放态度,但海禁则从明初即已开始。据《皇明世法录》所载:“凡沿海去处,下海船只,除有号票文引许令出洋外,若奸豪势要及军民人等,擅造三桅以上违式大船,将带违禁货物下海,前往番国买卖,潜通海贼,同谋结聚及为向导劫掠良民者,正犯比照谋叛已行律处斩,仍枭首示众,全家发边卫充军。其打造前项海船卖与夷人图利者,比照将应禁军器下海者,因而走泄军情律,为首者斩,为从者发边卫充军。若止将火船雇与下海之人,分取番货,及虽不曾造有大船,但纠通下海之人接买番货,与探听下海之人贩货物宋,私买贩卖苏木、胡椒至一千斤以上者,俱发边卫充军,番货并没入官。”《皇明世法录》卷二○,转引自刘淼:《明清沿海荡地开发研究》,汕头:汕头大学出版社,1996年,第173页。该书认为,朱元璋此旨,目的主要是巩固政权,打击“潜通海贼”,二是打击私贩违禁番货。所谓“潜通海贼”,主要指倭寇。明成祖时期的郑和下西洋,政治目的为主,经济为次。固然满族对海洋之利认识不足,只看到危害,其实出身安徽凤阳内陆地区的朱元璋,也对此有错误认识。隆庆元年(1567)以后,明廷认识到海禁本身的问题,转而实行开海政策,国际贸易自此发展顺利,直到清廷奉行更严厉的海禁为止。此点承陈晓平先生指出,特此致谢。 (12)孙中山:《反对帝国主义干涉吾国内政之宣言》(1924年9月1日),见《国父全集》第2册,台北:近代中国出版社,1989年,第160-161页。 (13)Julia Lovell,The Opium War:Drugs,Dreams and the Making of China,pp.312-314. (14)参见Lyon Sharman,Sun Yat-sen,New York,1934,p.34。 (15)参见David Strand,Unfinished Republic,Berkeley:University of California Press,2011,p.243。 (16)Marie-Clarie Berère,Sun Yatsen,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1998. (17)Harry Gelber,Opium,Soldiers and Evangelicals:England's 1840-42 War with China and Its Aftermath,封底说明。 (18)原文是:“a war more unjust in its origin,a war more calculated to cover this country with permanent disgrace,I do not know and have not read”,William Gladstone' s speech,8 April 1840,Handard,House of Commons,cols,pp.800-820. (19)“The‘Opium War’that Wasn't”,Harvard Crimson,http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/23/the-opium-war-that-wasnt-one/ (20)http://ebookee.org/Opium-Soldiers-and-Evangelicals_332247.html#wRevK8tozt8KC5dj.99. (21)原文是:“…a strong moral conviction that free trade would benefit not just the British but everybody,including the purblind Chinese themselves…” (22)原文是:“Free Trade is Jesus Christ,and Jesus Christ is Free Trade.”
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