（11）J.H.Burns,The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C.350-C.1450,New York:Cambridge University Press,1988,p.451.
    （12）J.H.Burns,The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought C.350-C.1450,New York:Cambridge University Press,1988,p.451.
    （13）Walter UIImann,Medieval Political Thought,Harmoundsworth,Penguin Books Ltd.,1979,pp.203-204.
    （14）Paul E.Sigmund,Nicholas of Cusa and Mediveal Political Thought,Cambridge,Massachusetts：Harvard University Press,1963,p.97.
    （15）Willison Walker,A History of the Christian Church,New York：Charles Scribner's Sons,1922,p.46.
    （16）Willison Walker,A History of the Christian Church,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1922,p.164.
    （17）Philip Schaff,History of the Christian Church,Vol 3,Peabody:Hendrickson Publishers,1996,p.270.
    （18）Henry Chadwick,The Church in Ancient Society:from Galilee to Gregory the Great Oxford University Press,2001,p.204.
    （19）Walter Ullmann,The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages,London：Methuem co.Ltd.,1962,pp.298-299.
    （20）Philip Schaff,History of the Christian Church,Vol 3,Peabody:Hendrickson Publishers,1996,p.300.
    （21）[美]G·F·穆尔：《基督教简史》，郭舜平、郑德超等译，北京：商务印书馆，1996年，第162页。
    （22）Philip Schaff,History of the Christian Church,Vol 4,Peabody:Hendrickson Publishers,1996,p.214.
    （23）Walter Ullmann,The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages,London:Methuem co.Ltd.,1962,pp.87-88.
    （24）枢机主教团由罗马城的主要教职构成，包括枢机主教、枢机司铎和枢机助祭三个等级，协助教皇处理教廷事务。
    （25）Henry Bettenson,Selected and Edited Documents of the Christian Church,London:Oxford University Press,1944,pp.140-141.
    （26）Walter Ullmann,The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages,London:Methuem co.Ltd,1962,pp.298-299.
    （27）Henry Bettenson,Selected and Edited Documents of the Christian Church,London:Oxford University Press,1944,p.176.
    （28）Henry Bettenson,Selected and Edited Documents of the Christian Church,London:Oxford University Press,1944,p.176.
    （29）Willison Walker,A History of the Christian Church,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1922,p.256.
    （30）Willison Walker,A History of the Christian Church,New York：Charles Scribner's Sons,1970,p.256.
    （31）Willison Walker,A History of the Christian Church,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1970,p.259.
    （32）Walter UIImann,Medieval Political Thought,Harmound sworth.Penguin Books Ltd,1979,p.220.
    （33）Willison Walker,A History of the Christian Church,New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1970,p.140.
    （34）Philip Schaff,History of the Christian Church,Vol 2,Peabody:Hendrickson Publishers,1996,p.129.
    （35）四位教皇为利奥九世、维克多二世、尼古拉二世、亚历山大二世。
    （36）Philip Schaff,History of the Christian Church,Vol 3,Peabody:Hendrickson Publishers,1996,p.339.
    （37）[法]皮埃尔·罗桑瓦龙：《公民的加冕礼--法国普选史》，吕一民译，上海：上海人民出版社，2005年，第16页。
    （38）[美]哈罗德·J·伯尔曼：《法律与革命--西方法律传统的形成》，贺卫方等译，北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1993年，第136页。
    （39）[美]约瑟夫·R.斯特雷耶：《现代国家的起源》，华佳、王夏、宗福常译，上海：格致出版社、上海人民出版社，2011年，第9页。