(65)Marc Bloch, French Rural History: An Essay on Its Basic Characteristics, London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1966, p.24.
    (66)Michael Mitterauer, Why Europe? The Medieval Origins of Its Special Path, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 21. 法国年鉴学派农史学家乔治·杜比也有相同的看法。Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978, pp. 17-30.
    (67)N. J. G. Pounds, An Economic History' of Medieval Europe, London: Longman, 1974, pp. 10-13; Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy, pp. 17-21.
    (68)Michael Fulford, "Economic Structures," in Malcolm Todd, ed., A Companion to Roman Britain, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, pp. 309-326.
    (69)Peter Fowler, Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 214-215.
    (70)Caesar, The Gallic War, With an English Translation by H. J. Edwards, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 181.
    (71)Tacitus, Agricola, Germany, and Dialogue on Orators, p. 65, 此处还参考了海伦娜·哈梅洛的英文译文，see Helena Hamerow, Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in North-West Europe 400 900, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 129.
    (72)Stephen Rippon, "Landscapes in Transition: The Later Roman and Early Medieval Periods," in Della Hooke, ed., Landscape: The Richest Historical Record, Amesbury: The Society for Landscape Studies, 2000, pp. 47-58; Christopher Taylor, Fields in the English Landscape, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2000, p. 64.
    (73)比德：《英吉利教会史》，陈维振、周清民译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，第112-113页。
    (74)Peter Murphy, "The Anglo-Saxon Landscape and Rural Economy: Some Results from Sites in East Anglia and Essex," in James Rackham, ed. , Environment and Economy in Anglo-Saxon England, London: Council for British Archaeology, 1994, pp. 23-39.
    (75)Ann Hagen, Anglo-Saxon Food and Drink, Hockwold cum Wilton: Anglo-Saxon Books, 2006, pp. 30-33.
    (76)H. E. Hallam, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. II, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 338-339.
    (77)Joan Thirsk, "The Common Fields," p. 15.
    (78)Eric Kerridge, The Common Fields of England, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992, pp. 17-49.
    (79)David Hill, "Sulh-The Anglo-Saxon Plough, c. 1000 A. D. ," Landscape History, vol. 22, 2000, pp. 5-19; Peter Fowler, Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror, pp. 182-204.
    (80)David Hall, "The Drainage of Arable Land in Medieval England," in Hadrian Cook and Tom Williamson, eds., Water Management in the English Landscape: Field, Marsh and Meadow, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999, pp. 28-40.
    (81)Debby Banham, "'In the Sweat of thy Brow Shalt thou Eat Bread': Cereals and Cereal Production in the Anglo-Saxon Landscape," in Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan, eds., The Landscape Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, Woodbridge: Boydell, 2010, pp. 175-192, quotation in p. 192.
    (82)Martin Jones, "The Development of Crop Husbandry," in Martin Jones and G. W. Dimbleby, eds. , The Environment of Man: The Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon Period, Oxford: BAR, 1981, pp.95-127.
    (83)Martin Jones, Feast: Why Humans Share Food, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, p.264.
    (84)Debby Banham, "'In the Sweat of thy Brow Shalt thou Eat Bread': Cereals and Cereal Production in the Anglo-Saxon Landscape," p. 179.
    (85)A. J. Robertson, ed., Anglo-Saxon Charters, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956, p.115.
    (86)A. J. Robertson, ed., Anglo-Saxon Charters, p. 207. “塞斯特”，盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的度量单位，1塞斯特相当于16蒲式耳。
    (87)C. S. and C.S. Orwin, The Open Fields, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954, pp.41-42.
    (88)Christopher Taylor, "General Introduction," in W. G. Hoskins, The Making of the English Landscape, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1988, p. 9.
    (89)Stephen Parry, Raunds Area Survey: An Archaeological Study of the Landscape of Raunds, Northamptonshire 1985-94, pp.xv xvi, 91-97, 126-135, 274-277.
    (90)具体内容可参见拙著：《中世纪欧洲的政治传统与近代民主》，李剑鸣主编：《世界历史上的民主与民主化》，上海：上海三联书店，2011年，第181页。
    (91)但与目前主流的观点不同，克里奇仍认为这种制度起源于遥远的过去。Eric Kerridge, The Common Fields of England, pp. 1-4, 17-49, quotation in p. 1.
    (92)Lynn White, Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change, pp. 39-78; Lynn White, Jr., "The Expansion of Technology 500-1500, " pp. 143-174, quotation in p. 153.
    (93)R. E. Glasscock, "England circa 1334," in H. C. Darby, ed., A New Historical Geography of England before 1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976, pp. 136-185.
    (94)Bruce M. S. Campbell and Ken Bartley, England on the Eve of the Black Death: An Atlas of Lay Lordship, Land and Wealth, 1300-49, pp. 313-349, quotation in p. 349.
    (95)Carl J. Dahlman, The Open Field System and Beyond, especially see Chapter 5, "The Economics of Enclosure."
    (96)Howard Levi Gray, English Field Systems, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1915, especially see pp. 403-418, quotation in p. 415.
    (97)Joan Thirsk, "The Common Fields," pp. 23-24.
    (98)Bruce M. S. Campbell and Ken Bartley, England on the Eve of the Black Death: An Atlas of Lay Lordship, Land and Wealth, 1300-49, pp. 55-68; Tom Williamson, Environment, Society and Landscape in Early Medieval England: Time and Topography, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2012, pp. 129-135.
    (99)Tom Williamson, Shaping Medieval Landscapes: Settlement, Society, Environment, Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 2004, especially see pp. 21-27, 190-199; Tom Williamson, "The Distribution of 'Woodland' and 'Champion' Landscapes in Medieval England," in Christopher Dyer, ed., Medieval Landscapes, Macclesfield: Windgather Press, 2007, pp. 89-104; Tom Williamson, Environment, Society and Landscape in Early Medieval England: Time and Topography, pp. 129-132.
    (100)Tom Williamson, Environment, Society and Landscape in Early Medieval England: Time and Topography, pp. 132-134; Bruce M. S. Campbell, "Agricultural Progress in Medieval England: Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk," Economic History Review, vol. 36, 1983, pp. 26-46; Bruce M. S. Campbell, "The Regional Uniqueness of English Field System? Some Evidence from Eastern Norfolk," pp. 16-28.
    (101)Tom Williamson, "The Distribution of 'Woodland' and 'Champion' Landscapes in Medieval England," pp. 89-104; Bruce M. S. Campbell, "Commonfield Origins: The Regional Dimension," pp. 112-129; Mark Bailey, "Beyond the Midland Field System: The Determinants of Common Rights over the Arable in Medieval England," Agricultural History Review, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 153-171.
    (102)Edward Miller and John Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348, London: Longman, 1978, p.89.
    (103)在米德兰地区，大田被称为“field”，在不规范敞田制地区，如东诺福克和萨福克类大田被称为“precinct”、“quarantine”，参见Bruce M. S. Campbell, "The Extent and Layout of Commonfields in Eastern Norfolk," in Field Systems and Farming Systemsin Late Medieval England, vol. II, Farnham: Ashgate, 2008, pp. 12-13;Mark Bailey,Medieval Suffolk: An Economic and Social History 1200-1500, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007, p.102.
    (104)Bruce M. S. Campbell, "The Extent and Layout of Commonfields in Eastern Norfolk," pp. 12-13; Mark Bailey, Medieval Suffolk: An Economic and Social History 1200-1500, pp. 102-103.
    (105)J. A. Yelling, Common Field and Enclosure in England 1450-I850, London: Macmillan, 1977, pp. 11-29; Tom Williamson, The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape 1700-1870, Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002, pp. 7-15.
    (106)Tom Williamson, Robert Liddiard and Tracey Partida, Champion: The Making and Unmaking of the English Midland Landscape, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013, pp. 8-9.
    (107)Tom Williamson, The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape 1700-1870, p. 24.
    (108)克里奇的论述见本文的学术史梳理，此外见 Joan Thirsk, "Field Systems of the East Midlands, " in Alan R. H. Baker and Robin A. Butlin, eds., Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973, pp. 255-262.
    (109)Torn Williamson, Robert Liddiard and Tracey Partida, Champion: The Making and Unmaking of the English Midland Landscape, pp. 136-137.
    (110)Michael Turner, English Parliamentary Enclosure, Folkestone: Dawson, 1980, pp. 63-93.
    (111)Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500-1850, pp. 165-166.
    (112)Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, "A New Perspective on Medieval and Early Modern Agriculture: Six Centuries of Norfolk Farming c. 1250-c. 1850," Past and Present, no. 141, 1993, pp. 38-105; Mark Overton, "The Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations in Early Modern England: Turnips and Clover in Norfolk and Suffolk, 1580-1740, " Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 10, 1985, pp. 205-221.
    (113)Tom Williamson, "Understanding Enclosure, " pp. 56-79, quotation in p. 67.
    (114)“诺福克四轮制”是一种经过改良的轮作技术，轮作顺序依次为小麦、萝卜、大麦和三叶草。萝卜和三叶草原本是饲料作物，但将它们整合到农作物轮作序列可以达到肥田的效果。因为种萝卜和三叶草可以饲养更多牲畜，更多牲畜可以产出更多粪肥，更多粪肥可以生产出更多谷物。
    (115)Susanna Wade Martins and Tom Williamson, Roots of Change: Farming and the Landscape in East Anglia, c. 1700-1870, Exeter: British Agricultural History Society, 1999, pp. 99-115.
    (116)Mark Overton, "Re-Establishing the English Agricultural Revolution," pp. 4-5.
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