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注释： ①Charles Tilly, The Formation of Nation States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975, p. 15. ②Albert Hourami,“Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables,”Albert Hourami, Khoury、Wilson eds., The Modern Middle East, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. ③Halil Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600, London: Phoenix Press, 1973. ④Ping-ti HO,“In Defence of Sinicization: A Rebuttal of Evelyn Rawski's‘Reenvisioning the Qing’,”Journal of Asian Studies, 57/1, 1998, pp. 123-155. ⑤Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, p. 20. ⑥Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, p. 140. ⑦Peter Perdue,“Boundaries, Maps, and Mobile People: Chinese, Russian, and Mongolian Empires in Early Modern Central Eurasia,”International History Review, 20/2, 1998, pp. 263-286. ⑧Pamela Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, p. 3. ⑨例如，“或许将君主个人集权于一身的中央集权视作清代政治文化的常规、甚至是重要目标的做法很不明智”，参见Pamela Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology，p.158；“许多政治经济学家和社会科学家仍然在使用管理和强制能力的集权化程度来衡量国家发展的进步…… (然而)奥斯曼政权的长期延续却表明这一悖论：长期的制度分权可能还是一种可行性策略，实际上也是现代国家社会组织演进的一个组成部分”，参见Ariel Salzman,“An Ancient Regime Revisited:‘Privatization’and Political Economy in the Eighteenth Century Ottoman Empire,”Politics & Society, 21/4, 1993, pp. 393-423. ⑩Ariel Salzman,“Vernacular Strategies and Imperial Rule in the Ottoman Middle East,”Shared Histories of Modernity: State Transformation in the Chinese and Ottoman, Workshop by the Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, NYU, 16-17, April, 1999. (11)Engin Akarli, A Nation-less Modern States: Rebuilding the Ottoman State, Shared Histories of Modernity: State Transformation in the Chinese and Ottoman, workshop organized by the Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, NYU, 16-17, April, 1999. (12)Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540-1834, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. (13)Daniel Power, Naomi Standen ed., Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Boarderlands 700-1700, St. Martin's, Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 1998; Michel Foucher, I'invention des frontières, Paris, Fondation pour les études de défense nationale, 1986; Stenphen Adelman, Jeremy Aron,“From Boarderlands to Boarders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History,”American Historical Review, 104 /3, 1999, pp. 814-841. 相关回应亦载于American Historical Review, 104/4, 1999, pp. 1221-1239。 (14)Pamela Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, p. 11. (15)Piper Rae Gaubatz, Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on China's Frontiers, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. (16)Arthur Hummel ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, 1644-1912, Washington D. C., U. S. Government Print Office, 1943-44, p. 265; Henry Howorth, History of the Mongols, Taipei, 1970, pp. 497-534. (17)Arthur Hummel ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, 1644-1912, p. 758, 760. (18)中国第一历史档案馆编：《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编》第3册，江苏古籍出版社1986年版，第27-43页；“国立”故宫博物院：《年羹尧奏折》第2册，台北，1971年版，第518页；佐藤永：《罗布藏丹津叛乱》，《史林》，1972年55、56卷，第731页。 (19)中国第一历史档案馆编：《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编》第3册，第30页。 (20)译者注：原文应为“仍令打箭炉税差免其货税，再每岁赏给茶叶五千斤”。 (21)Yumiko Ishihama,“The Process by which the Gusi Khan family lost its authority over Tibet: A reconsideration of Lobzang Danjin's‘rebellion’”, Toyo GakuhoⅠⅪⅩ, 3. 4, 1988, pp. 151-171. (22)“自1699年开始伊斯坦布尔的整个外交官方机构开始转向，实行包括仲裁调解、固定边界在内的和平战略”。(俄国)“则在北高加索一线建立新的防线，结束了俄罗斯与游牧民族之间、东正教与伊斯兰教之间界限模糊的状态”。参见Engin Akarli,“Locating the Ottomans among Early Modern Empires,”Journal of Early Modern History, 3/2, 1999。 (23)Matthew Edney, Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. (24)中国第一历史档案馆编：《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编》第3册，第32页。 (25)Joseph Fletcher, Ch'ing Inner Asia c. 1800, Cambridge History of China, vol. 10, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 378. (26)Toru Saguchi,“The Formation of the Turfan Principality under the Qing Empire,”Acta Asiatica, 41, 1981, pp. 76-94. (27)傅恒编：《平定准噶尔方略》，西藏社会科学院，全国图书馆文献缩微复制中心，1990年，1721/6。 (28)傅恒编：《平定准噶尔方略》，1725/4。 (29)傅恒编：《平定准噶尔方略》，1731/6，1731/11。 (30)中国第一历史档案馆编：《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折汇编》第19册，第990页。 (31)一石谷物重约60千克。 (32)傅恒编：《平定准噶尔方略》，1731/2，癸丑。 (33)Toru Saguchi,“The Formation of the Turfan Principality under the Qing Empire,”Acta Asiatica. (34)R. Bin Wong, China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. (35)Halil Inalcik, Donald Quataert ed., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 37. Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire, p. 31. 写道：这种登记簿册是国家政策的一部分，通过在有限地理区域内将牧民变成纳税主体的方式剥夺了牧民群体的自主权。 (36)“国家的流放政策……在帝国人口的稳定性方面起到重要作用……拜占庭和伊朗帝国实行了这种制度，奥斯曼帝国亦然。它既是国家统治特殊地区的重要政策，又是消除民族叛乱的重要保证”。参见Halil Inalcik, Donald Quataert ed., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, p. 32。 (37)Isenbike Togan,“Ottoman History by Inner Asian Norms,”Berktay, Faroqhi ed., New Approaches to State and Peasant in Ottoman Society, Cass: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1992, pp. 185-210; Joseph Fletcher,“Turco-Mongolian Monarchic Tradition in the Ottoman Empire,”Beatrice Forbes Manz ed., Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia, Variorum, 1995. (38)Pamela Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, pp. 105-108. (39)Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire; Virginia Aksan, Locating the Ottoman among Early Modern Empires; Philip Kuhn, Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. (40)John Fitzgerald, Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. (41)Michael Walzer,“The Politics of Difference: Statehood and Toleration in a Multicultural World,”Robert Mckim, Jeff Mcmahan ed., The Morality of Nationalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. (42)Justin Jon Rudelson, Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism along China's Silk Road, Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1997.^ (责任编辑：admin) |