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注释： ①关于欧洲启蒙运动的著作很少提及雷纳尔，即使偶有涉猎，也是寥寥数语。如果不专门阅读关于他的著述，很难对其思想有所了解。 ②J.H.M.Salmon,"Liberty by Degrees:Raynal and Diderot on the British Constitution," History of Political Thought,vol.20,no.1(Spring 1999),p.88. ③J.G.A.Pocock,"Commerce,Settlement and History:A Reading of the Histoire des Deux Indes," in Rebecca Starr,ed.,Articulating America:Fashioning a National Political Culture in Early America,Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,2000,p.30. ④参见Enrique Dussel,"Europe,Modernity,and Eurocentrism," Nepantla:Views from South,vol.1,no.3,2000,pp.465-475. ⑤Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies,vol.I,Book VI,Glasgow:Printed by and for D.M'Kenzie,1812,p.274.(以下书名简写为A Philosophical and Political History.说明：本文所引19世纪之前的书籍，原书扫描件皆来自https://archive.org，以下书籍不再标出这个网址) ⑥Thomas K.Murphy,A Land Without Castles:The Changing Image of America in Europe,1780-1830,Lanham:Lexington Book,2001,p.15. ⑦Lee Alan Dugatkin,Mr.Jefferson and the Giant Moose:Natural History in Early America,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2009,p.39. ⑧Anthony Pagden,European Encounters with the New World:From Renaissance to Romanticism,New Haven:Yale University Press,1993,p.80. ⑨转引自Anthony Pagden,European Encounters with the New World:From Renaissance to Romanticism,p.80. ⑩Jorge Canizares-Esguerra,How to Write the History of the New World:Histories,Epistemologies,and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2001,pp.36-38. (11)详见Antonello Gerbi,The Dispute of the New World:The History of A Polemic,1750-1900,trans.by Jeremy Moyle,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1973,pp.60-61. (12)培根的相关论述详见Francis Bacon,Essays,Civil and Moral and the New Atlantis,New York:P.F.Collier & Son,1909,p.167; Francis Bacon,New Atlantis,London:Printed for Jolm Crocke,1660,pp.2-3. (13)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVIII,p.185. (14)转引自Gerbi,The Dispute of the New World:The History of A Polemic,1750-1900,p.49. (15)转引自Gerbi,The Dispute of the New World:The History of A Polemic,1750-1900,p.49. (16)Gerbi,The Dispute of the New World:The History of A Polemic,1750-1900,p.49. (17)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,p.186. (18)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book VIII,p.430; vol.II,Book VII,pp.61,55. (19)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book XII,p.386; vol.II,Book XI,p.291; vol.II,Book XIII,p.411. (20)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book VIII,p.98. (21)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,p.188. (22)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book VII,pp.3,60. (23)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book VIII,Book IX,pp.99,161. (24)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book XII,p.338. (25)Kathleen M.Brown,"The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker,ed.,Negotiators of Change:Historical Perspectives on Native American Women,New York:Routledge,1995,pp.26-48，转引自Andrew P.Moore,French Observations of America:Intercultural Commentary in the Age of Revolution,A Dissertation of the Catholic University of America,2005,p.58. (26)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,p.187. (27)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,p.195. (28)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,p.195. (29)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XV,pp.83,93; vol.III,Book XVII,pp.186-187. (30)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book VII,p.31; vol.II,Book XI,pp.144-145; vol.III,Book XVII,p.186. (31)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,pp.186,195. (32)Perter Kalm,Travels into North America,vol.1,trans,by John Reinhold Forster,Warrington:Printed by William Eyres,1770,pp.102-104. (33)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVIII,p.309. (34)"Thomas Jefferson to Chastellux,June 7,1785," in Julian P.Boyd,ed.,The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,vol.8,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1953,p.185. (35)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVIII,p.294. (36)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book XI,p.329. (37)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book XI,pp.334,335. (38)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.II,Book VII,p.122; Book IX,p.197. (39)Gerald A.Danzer,"Education Has the Discovery of America Been Useful or Hurtful to Mankind? Yesterday's Questions and Today's Students," The History Teacher,vol.7,no.2(February 1974),p.194. (40)参见Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVII,p.193. (41)Arthur Schlesinger Jr.,"America:Experiment or Destiny?" The American Historical Review,vol.82,no.3,1977,p.510. (42)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVIII,pp.252,308. (43)Abbe Raynal,A Philosophical and Political History,vol.III,Book XVIII,p.301.美国革命爆发后，雷纳尔完全改变了其关于美利坚人身体机能发生退化的观点，上述之言也在最新修订版中被删掉，把他们作为美洲人退化之例外加以考察。 (44)Samuel Williams,The Nature and Civil History of Vermont,vol.2,2nd ed.,Burlinton:Printed by Samuel Mills,1809,pp.458-459. (45)美国学者达拉斯·欧文对《哲学与政治史》再版和修订版做过详细的统计，共计法文36版，英文18版，德文3版，荷兰语和西班牙语各1版。详见Dallas D.Irvine,"The Abbe Raynal and British Humanitarianism," The Journal of Modern History,vol.3,no.4(December 1931),pp.576-577. (46)R.R.Palmer,The Age of Democratic Revolution:A Political History of Europe and America,1760-1800,vol.1,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1959,p.239. (47)Andrew P.Moore,French Observations of America:Intercultural Commentary in the Age of Revolution,pp.17,81. (48)转引自Jorge Canizares-Esguerra,How to Write the History of the New World,p.52. (49)详见Jedidiah Morse,The American Universal Geography; Or A View of the Present State of All the Kingdoms,States,and Colonies in the Known World,vol.1,6th ed.,Boston:Published by Thomas and Andrews,1812,pp.587-588. (责任编辑：admin) |