（31）Trevor Dean, “The Rise of Signori,” in David Abulafia, ed. , The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 459.
    （32）John Larner, Italy in the Age of Dante and Petrarch, 1216-1380, London: Longman, 1983, pp. 128-140.
    （33）L. Martines, Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy, p. 98.
    （34）P. J. Jones, The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria, p. 636.
    （35）但丁：《神曲·炼狱篇》，田德望译，北京：人民文学出版社，1997年，第58页。
    （36）L. Simeoni, Storia politica d’ Italia: Le signorie, vol. 1, Milano: Vallardi, 1950, pp.51-56; John Law, The Lords of Renaissance Italy: The Signori, 1250-1500, London: The Historical Association, 1981, pp. 16-18.
    （37）L. Simeoni, Storia politica d‘ Italia: Le signorie, vol. 1, p. 57.
    （38）L. Martines, Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy, pp. 130-161.
    （39）布鲁克尔：《文艺复兴时期的佛罗伦萨》，朱龙华译，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1985年，第182-183页。
    （40）19世纪英国史学家西门兹（John Symonds）将其7卷本《意大利文艺复兴》（The Renaissance in Italy）的首卷取名为“暴君的时代”。20世纪中期出版的《意大利政治史》（Storia politica d’ Italia）第7卷（Luigi Simeoni，Le signorie，Milano：Vallardi, 1950）把这一时期称为“领主的时代”。《意大利史》（Storia d‘ Italia）第4卷（Nino Valeri，L’ Italia nell‘ età dei principati dal 1343 al 1516，Verona：A. Mondadori,1949）则称之为“君主的时代”。
    （41）M. Miller, “From Episcopal to Communal Palaces,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. 54, no. 2, 1995, pp. 175-176.
    （42）D. Waley and T. Dean, The Italian City-Republics, pp. 107-109.
    （43）M. Miller, “From Episcopal to Communal Palaces,” pp. 179-181.
    （44）Pierre Racine, “Les palais publics dans les communes italiennes （Ⅻe-ⅩⅢe siècles），” Actes des congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de l’ enseignement supérieur public, 11e congrès, Lyon, 1980, p. 134.
    （45）D. Waley and T. Dean, The Italian City-Republics, pp. 107-109.
    （46）D. Waley and T. Dean, The Italian City-Republics, p. 109.
    （47）关于锡耶纳市政厅的修建背景和过程，参见朱明：《从大教堂到市政厅：中世纪晚期锡耶纳的城市空间转型》，《历史研究》2011年第5期，第113-125页。
    （48）Diana Norman, ed., Siena, Florence and Padua: Art, Society and Religion 1280-1400, vol. 2, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 41.
    （49）John Najemy, “Florentine Politics and Urban Spaces,” in R. Crum and J. Paoletti, eds. , Renaissance Florence: A Social History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2008, p. 24.
    （50）J. White, Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250-1400, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993, p. 65.
    （51）Benjamin Kohl et al. , eds. , The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978, p. 141.
    （52）Stephen Milner, “The Florentine Piazza della Signoria as Practiced Place,” in R. Crum and J. Paoletti, eds. , Renaissance Florence: A Social History, p. 89.
    （53）D. Waley and T. Dean, The Italian City-Republics, p. 107.
    （54）Sara Blanshei, Perugia, 1260-1340, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1976, pp. 7, 53-59.
    （55）J. White, Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250-1400, pp. 69-71.
    （56）F. M. Godfrey, Italian Architecture Up to 1750, London: Alec Tiranti, 1971, pp.141-145.
    （57）J. K. Hyde, Padua in the Age of Dante, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966, pp. 4, 220.
    （58）D. Norman, ed. , Siena, Florence and Padua: Art, Society and Religion 1280-1400, vol. 2, pp. 49-53.
    （59）D. Howard, The Architectural History of Venice, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002, pp. 90-91.
    （60）Richard Goy, Building Renaissance Venice, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, pp. 18-19.
    （61）D. Howard, The Architectural History of Venice, p. 94.
    （62）SPQV是拉丁文Senatus Populusque Venetus 的缩写。
    （63）D. Norman, ed., Siena, Florence and Padua: Art, Society and Religion 1280-1400, vol. 2, pp. 29-53.