四结语 1786年在安纳波利斯举行的会议虽然不是一次制宪会议,[6](p509)但是,假如把这次会议置于美国制宪史的过程中来考察,它应该是美国由邦联体制改革走向重新制宪之路的重要转折点。 首先,安纳波利斯会议为制宪做了舆论宣传。安纳波利斯会议从邦联的商业问题入手,揭示了邦联所面临的危机,达成了要求召开对现存的邦联体制进行修正的费城会议的共识。虽然发出制宪号召的仅仅是5个邦的代表,但是通过邦联国会、各邦议会这个合法的权力中枢,向全体邦联人民阐明了为改革《邦联条例》而制宪的必要性和紧迫性。1787年2月21日,《安纳波利斯会议报告》得到邦联国会的批准。这样,召开“制宪会议”这个原本不具备合法性的会议建议,便成为不争的法律事实。从这个意义上说,安纳波利斯会议不仅为制宪会议做了舆论准备,而且使制宪走向了合法的程序道路。 第二,安纳波利斯会议为联邦主义改革造就了政治理论家和“宪政主义”实践者。在解决邦联政府缺少权威这个问题上,存在众多的方案和改良措施,在强调加强邦联国会权力的同时,联邦主义者不仅从理论上找到了对权力制约和监督的理论依据,而且在实践改革的过程中,始终遵循权力过渡的合法性程序。这是“宪政主义”思想在邦联改革进程中的胜利,也是邦联改革者统一认识,走上联合,建立新的社会秩序的共同指导思想。 要而言之,从历史上美国立宪过程中核心人物思想转变的角度、从邦联体制向联邦体制过渡的进程来分析,安纳波利斯会议不仅是费城制宪会议的发起会议,而且为费城会议定下了主题,从而引导邦联体制改革的不同政治派别都遵循着“符合宪法”的程序进行宪政改革的理论探索。 在写作本文过程中,作者多次得到业师李剑鸣教授的悉心指导,烟台师范学院高春常教授通读全文并提出了宝贵建议。特此致谢。 收稿日期:2003-05-12 【参考文献】 [1]The Encyclopedia American[Z].Grolier Incorporated,1981. [2]Jensen,Merrill.The New Nation[M].Boston:Northeastern University Press,1981. [3]Kaplanoff,Mark DConfederation:Movement for a Stronger Union[A].Greene,Jack P.and J.R.Pole eds.A Companion to the American Revolution[C].UK:Blackwell Publishers,2000. [4]Harris,Fred R.American Democracy:the Idea and the Reality:3[rd]ed.[M].Illinois:Scott,Foresman and Company,1986. [5]Merritt,Richard LSymbols of American Community,1735~1775[M].New Haven,Connecticut:Yale University Press,1966. [6]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷。美国人--建国历程[M].北京:美国驻华大使馆新闻文化处出版,1987. [7]Miller,Marion Mills.Great Debates In American History:14 vols[C].New York:Current Literature Publishing Company,1913. [8]Mason,Alpheus Thomas and Richard H.Leach.In Quest of Freedom:American Political Thought and Practice:3[rd]ed.[M].Washington,D.C.:University Press of America,1981. [9]纳尔逊·曼弗雷德·布莱克。美国社会生活与思想史:上册[M].许季鸿,宋蜀碧,陈凤鸣译。北京:商务印书馆,1994. [10]戈登·伍德。美国革命的激进主义[M].傅国英译。北京:北京大学出版社,1997. [11]Farrand,Max.The Records of the Federal Convention,4vols[Z].New Haven:Yale University Press,1961. [12]Sheehan,Colleen A.and Gary L.McDowell,eds.Friends of the Constitution:Writings of the“other”Federalists,1787~1788[C].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1998. [13]王晓德。美国邦联时期的贸易问题与国内体制改革[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(增刊)。 [14]Crosskey,William W.and William Jeffrey,JrPolitics and the Constitution in the History of United States:the Political Background of the Federal Convention[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1980. [15]McCaughey,Eilzabeth PGovernment By Choice:Inventing the United States Constitution[M].New York:Basic Books,Inc.,1987. [16]The Annals of America[Z].Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica,Inc. [17]Thomas,Clive SAmerican Union in Federalist Political Thought[M].New York:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1991. [18]Article 2,The Articles of Confederation[A].Kelly,Alfred H.,Winfred A.Harbison and Herman Belz.The American Constitution:Its Origins and Development[M].New York·London:W.W.Norton & Company INC.,1983. [19]Farrand,Max.The Faming of the Constitution of the United States[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1913. [20]Mitchell,Broadus.Alexander Hamilton:A Concise Biography[M].New York:Oxford University,1976. [21]Hamilton,Alexander,James Madison and John Jay.The Federalists Papers[Z].New York:A Mentor Book,1999. [22]斯科特·戈登。控制国家--西方宪政的历史[M].应奇译。南京:江苏人民出版社,2001. [23]Harris,Fred RAmerican Democracy:the Idea and the Reality:3[rd]Edition[M].Illinois:Scott,Foresman and Company,1986. [24]Banning,Lance.The Scared Fire of Liberty:James Madison and the Creating of the Federal Republic,1780~1792[M].Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1995. [25]Rakove,Jack NJames Madison and the Creation of the American Republic[M].Glenview,Illinois,1990. [26]Smith,James Merton.The Republic of Letters:the Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,1776~1826[Z].New York:Norton,1995. [27]James Madison.Of Ancient and Modern Confederacies[A].Marvin,Meyers.The Mind of the Founder:Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison[Z].Hanover:Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England,1981. [28]Wills,Garry.Explaining America:the Federalist[M].New York:Doubleday & Company,Inc.,1981. [29]Hamilton,Alexander,James Madison and John Jay.The Federalists Papers[C].New York:A Mentor Book,1999. [30]James Madison to George Washington[A].Kaminski,John P.and Jill Adair McCaughn.A Great and Good Man:George Washington in the Eyes of His Contemporaries[Z].Madison:Madison House,1989.
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