(19) Maryanne Kowaleski, Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 44.
    (20) Robert Leonard Reynolds, Europe Emerges: Transition toward an Industrial World-Wide Society, 600-1750, p. 176.
    (21) “Municipal Freedom is Given to the Town Called Ebenbuchholtz, 1201,” in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1905, p. 588.
    (22) “Confirmation of the Immediateness of the Citizens of Speyer, 1267,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 586.
    (23) “The Decision of a Diet about the Establishment of City Councils in Cathedral Towns, 1218,”, in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., op. cit., p. 590.
    (24) Susan Reynolds, An Introduction to the History of English Medieval Towns, New York: Clarendon Press, 1982, p. 103.
    (25) “Grant of a Market to an Archbishop,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 117.
    (26) “Lothar Ⅱ Grants a Market to the Monastery of Prüm, 861,” in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., op. cit., p. 580.
    (27) “Otto I Grants Jurisdiction over a Town to the Abbots of New Corvey, 940,” in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., op. cit., p. 583.
    (28) “Grant of a Market and Fair at Donauwrth,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 119.
    (29) “Grant of Land and Privileges to the Jews by a German Bishop,” Ibid., p. 101.
    (30) “Grant of Two Fairs at Aix-la-Chapelle,” Ibid., p. 120.
    (31) “Grant of a Fair by King Henry I,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 119.
    (32) 洋西，是一种茜草属植物，可制作红色染料。
    (33) “The Fair of St. Denis,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 114.
    (34) Brian Tierney, The Middle Ages, Volume I, Sources of Medieval History, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1983, p. 185.
    (35) “Archbishop Thurstan's Charter to Beverley,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 203.
    (36) “Physical Inconveniences at a Fair,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 125.
    (37) “The Treaty of Constance,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 205.
    (38) “The People of Cologne Rebel against Their Archbishop, 1074,” in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., op. cir., p. 586.
    (39) Jacques Le Goff, ed., The Medieval World, p. 243.
    (40) Susan Reynolds, An Introduction to the History of English Medieval Towns, p. 99.
    (41) R. H. Hilton, English and French Towns in Feudal Society: A Comparative Study, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 18.
    (42) R. H. Hilton, English and French Towns in Feudal Society: A Comparative Study, p. 95.
    (43) Maryanne Kowaleski, Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter, pp. 44, 50.
    (44) Joseph Gies and Frances Gies, Life in a Medieval City, New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1981, p. 213.
    (45) Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, New York: Harcourt Brace & World, Inc., 1937, p. 50.
    (46) “The Fair of St. Denis,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 114.
    (47) “A Northern Fair,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 118.
    (48) “A Grant of Two Fairs at Duisburg,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 122.
    (49) “Liberties of London,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 200.
    (50) 参见汤普逊：《中世纪经济社会史》下册，第281—284页。
    (51) “No One Shall Compel Merchants to Come to His Market, 1236,” in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., op. cir., p. 582.
    (52) “Liberties of London,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 200.
    (53) “A Grant of Land for the Gild-Hall of St. Omer,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 205.
    (54) “Charter of Henry I to Rouen,” in Roy C. Cave and Herbert H. Coulson, eds., op. cit., p. 204.
    (55) Brian Tierney, The Middle Ages, Volume I, Sources of Medieval History, p. 188.
    (56) Robert Leonard Reynolds, Europe Emerges: Transition towards an Industrial World-Wide Society, 600-1750, pp. 125-126.
    (57) Jacques Le Goff, ed., The Medieval World, p. 247.
    (58) M. M. 波斯坦、E. E. 里奇、爱德华·米勒：《剑桥欧洲经济史》第3卷，第22页。
    (59) “Frederic Ⅱ Forbids the Municipal Freedom of the Towns and Annuals All City Charters, 1231-1232,” in Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., op. cit., p. 591.
    (60) 古列维奇：《中世纪文化范畴》，庞玉洁、李学智译，庞卓恒校，杭州：浙江人民出版社，1992年，第195页。
    (61) 泰格·利维：《法律与资本主义的兴起》，第183页。
    (62) 卡洛·M.奇波拉主编：《欧洲经济史》第1卷，第77页。
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