⑥Reuben Gold Thwaite,ed.,Early Western Travels,1748-1846,Cleveland:The A.H.Clark Company,1904-1907,Vol.28,p.121.
    ⑦Carolyn Thomas Foreman,ed.,"Journal of a Tour in the Indian Territory by N.Sayer Harris in the Spring of 1844," Chronicles of Oklahoma,Vol.10,June 1932,p.235.
    ⑧John Ehle,Trail of Tears:The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation,New York:Anchor Books,1988,p.362.
    ⑨Bureau of the Census,Population of the United States in 1860:Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census,Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1864,p.15.
    ⑩Michael F.Doran,"Negro Slavery of Five Civilized Tribes," Annals of the Association of American Geographer,Vol.68,No.3,Sep.1978,p.347.
    (11)Josiah Gregg,Commerce of the Prairies,in Reuben Gold Thwaite,ed.,Early Western Travels,1748-1846,Cleveland:The A.H.Clark Company,1904-1907,Vol.20,p.304.
    (12)R.Halliburton,Jr.,Red over Black:Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians,Westport,Conn.:Greenwood Press,1977,p.16.
    (13)Theda Perdue,Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society,1540-1866,Knoxville:The University of Tennessee Press,1979,p.129.
    (14)Cherokee Phoenix,10 April,1828.
    (15)Cherokee Phoenix,24 April,1828.
    (16)Wyatt F.Jeltz,"The Relations of Negroes and Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians," The Journal of Negro History,Vol.33,No.1,Jan.1948,p.31.
    (17)Wyatt F.Jeltz,"The Relations of Negroes and Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians," The Journal of Negro History,Vol.33.No.1,Jan.1948,pp.29-31.
    (18)Daniel F.Littlefield,Jr.,and Mary Ann Littlefield,"The Beams Family Free Blacks in Indian Territory," The Journal of Negro History,Vol.61,No.1,Jan.1976,pp.20-21.
    (19)Kenneth W.Porter,"Relations between Negroes and Indians within the Present Limits of the United States," Journal of Negro History,Vol.17,No.3,July 1932,pp.353-354.
    (20)Claudio Saunt,"The Paradox of Freedom:Tribal Sovereignty and Emancipation during the Reconstruction of Indian Territory," The Journal of Southern History,Vol.70,No.1,Jan.2004,p.72.
    (21)Thomas Bailey,Reconstruction in Indian Territory:A Story of Avarice,Discrimination,and Opportunism,Port Washington,N.Y.,Kennikat Press,1972,p.82.
    (22)"African and American:The Contact of Negro and Indian," Science,Vol.17,No.419,Jan.13,1891,p.89.
    (23)Donald A.Grinde,Jr.,and Quintard Taylor,"Red vs Black:Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory,1865-1907," American Indian Quarterly,Vol.8,No.3,Summer 1984,p.215.
    (24)Interview with Simon McIntosh,August 10,1937,Indian-Pioneer History Papers Collection,Vol.58,pp.403-409.http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/(2008年12月24日获取)。
    (25)Interview with Siegal McIntosh,May 13,1937,Indian-Pioneer History Papers Collection,Vol.58,pp.392-400.http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/(2008年12月24日获取)(26)Katja May,African Americans and Native Americans in the Creek and Cherokee Nations,1830s to 1920s:Collision and Collusion,New York:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1996,p.110.
    (27)Morris L.Wardell,A Political History of Cherokee Nation,1838-1907,Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1938,pp.228-230.
    (28)Circe Sturm,"Blood Politics,Racial Classification,and Cherokee National Identity:The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen," American Indian Quarterly,Vol.22,No.1/2,Winter-Spring 1998,p.234.