⑦Edward W.Said,Orientalism,New York:Pantheon,1975.萨义德在后来的一些论著中修正了自己的一些观点，例如，Culture and Imperialism,New York:Knopf,1993。
    ⑧这种观点在一些著作中得到进一步的渲染，参见：Mary Louise Pratt,Imperial Eyes:Travel Writing and Transculturation,London:Routledge,1992; and Tzvetan Todorov,The Conquest of America:The Question of the Other,trans,by Richard Howard,New York:Harper and Row,1984。
    ⑨Laura Hostetler,Qing Colonial Enterprise:Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001; Peter C.Perdue,China Marches West:The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,2005; Emma Teng,Taiwan's Imagined Geography:Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures,1683-1895,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Asia Center,2004; Steven Harrell,ed.,Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers,Seattle:University of Washington Press,1995.
    ⑩参见Bentley的Old World Encounters以及“Cross - Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History”,American Historical Review,101(1996),pp.749-770。
    (11)J.R.McNeill and William H.McNeill,The Human Web:A Bird's - Eye View of World History,New York:Norton,2003,尤其是pp.17-18。
    (12)Philip D.Curtin,Cross - Cultural Trade in World History,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984; David W.Anthony,The Horse,the Wheel,and Languages:How Bronze - Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shapes the Modern World,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2007; Christopher Ehret,The Civilizations of Africa:A History to 1800,Charlottesville,Va.:University of Virginia Press,2001.
    (13)在这方面有很多著作，其中一本是Michael Rowlands,Mogens Larsen,and Kristian Kristiansen,eds.,Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987。
    (14)Jonathon E.Ericson and Timothy G.Baugh,eds.,The American Southwest and Mesoamerica:Systems of Prehistoric Exchange,New York:Plenum,1993; Timothy G.Baugh and Jonathon E.Ericson,eds.,Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America,New York:Plenum,1994.
    (15)接下来的论述取材于Bentley，Old World Encounters。
    (16)只举一个例子，那就是Clifford Geertz，Islam Observed：Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia，Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1968。该书研究了伊斯兰世界的两端对伊斯兰教的理解和信仰实践。
    (17)Xinru Liu,Ancient India and Ancient China:Trade and Religious Exchanges,A.D.1-600,Delhi:Oxford University Press,1988; Tansen Sen,Buddhism,Diplomacy,and Trade:The Realignment of Sino - Indian Relations,600-1400,Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press,2003.
    (18)Jerry H.Bentley,“Hemispheric Integration,500-1500 CE”,Journal of World History,9(1998),pp.237-254.
    (19)Sanjay Subrahmanyam,“Connected Histories:Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia”,in Victor Lieberman,ed.,Beyond Binary Histories:Re - imagining Eurasia to c.1830,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1997,pp.289-316; C.A.Bayly,The Birth of the Modern World,1780-1914:Global Connections and Comparisons,Oxford:Blackwell,2004.
    (20)Jerry H.Bentley,“Early Modern Europe and the Early Modern World”,in Charles H.Parker and Jerry H.Bentley,eds.,Between the Middle Ages and Modernity:Individual and Community in the Early Modern World,Lanham,Md.:Rowman and Littlefield,2007,pp.13-31.
    (21)有一些研究具有参考价值，其中一本是Stuart B.Schwartz,ed.,Implicit Understandings:Observing,Reporting,and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era,New York:Cambridge University Press,1994。
    (22)Clendinnen,Ambivalent Conquests; Serge Gruzinski,The Conquest of Mexico:The Incorporation of India Societies into the Western World,16th-18th Centuries,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993; Patricia Lopes Don,“Franciscans,India Sorcerers,and the Inquisition in New Spain,1536-1543”,Journal of World History,17(2006),pp.27-49.
    (23)关于马克萨斯群岛的情况，参见Dening,Islands and Beaches。
    (24)Vicente L.Rafael,Contracting Colonialism and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule,Durham,N.C.:Duke University Press,1993.
    (25)John K.Thornton,The Kongolese Saint Anthony:Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement,1684-1706,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998.