注释：
    ①C. Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000, London: Penguin Books, 2009, p.6.
    ②R. McKitterick, ed, The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 25.
    ③M. Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: the Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.11.
    ④德国学者贝洛(G. von Below)在20世纪初期的有关阐述，可以作为传统学说的一个代表，见他的Der deutsche Staat des Mittelalters: Eine Grundlegung der deutschen Verfassunggeschichte, Leipzig: Verlag von Quelle & Meyer, 1925，对贝洛学说的简要评述，见拙文《国家、王权与帝国：中古德意志政治史研究的回顾与反思》，刊于《中国社会科学》2013年第2期。
    ⑤I. Wood, The Merovingian Kingdoms 450-751, p.1.
    ⑥P. Fouracre, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume Ⅰ c.500-c. 700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.1.
    ⑦P. Fouracre. ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume Ⅰ c.500-c. 700, pp.3-4.
    ⑧R. Mckitterick, ed.，The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, p.13.还可参见佛拉克里的有关分析，见P. Fouracre, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, VolumeⅠ c.500-c. 700, pp. 5-6。
    ⑨W. Davies and P. Fouracre, eds., Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.4.
    ⑩R. Mckitterick, ed, The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, p.47.
    (11)C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p.58.
    (12)R. Mckitterick, ed., The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, p.49.
    (13)R. Mckitterick, ed., The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, p.44.
    (14)W. Davies and P. Fouracre, eds., Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages, p. 8.
    (15)W. Davies and P. Fouracre, eds., Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages, pp 3, 5, 6.
    (16)《马克思恩格斯选集》，第1卷，人民出版社1995年版，第70页。
    (17)P. Fouracre, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume I c.500-c. 700, pp. 2, 3.
    (18)讨论情况见H., hrsg.，Herrschaft und Staat im Mittelalter, Hermann Gentner Verlag, 1960;F.L. Cheyette, ed.，Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1968。
    (19)H-W Goetz: "The Perception of 'Power' and 'State' in the Early Middle Ages", in B. Weiler and S. Maclean, eds.，Representations on Power in Medieval Germany 800-1500, Turnhout: Brepols, 2006, p.27.
    (20)S. Reynolds, "The Historiography of the Medieval State", in M. Bentley, ed, Companion to Historiography, London: Routledge, 2006, p.118.
    (21)C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800, p.57.
    (22)此处的“强大”和下文的“弱小”，显然是指某政治体与“State”一词内含的切合程度。在威克翰看来，有无完备的税收制度是区分“强大”与“弱小”国家的根本标准。
    (23)C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800,p.56.
    (24)M. Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: the Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000,p.255.
    (25)M .Innes, State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: the Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000, p.255.哈丁也主张应当避免关于中古国家的目的论式的解释，见A. Harding, Medieval Law and the Foundations of the State, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p.1。
    (26)B. Guenèe, State and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe, trans. by Juliet Vale, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985, p.5.
    (27)H-W Goetz: "The Perception of 'Power' and 'State' in the Early Middle Ages", in B. Weiler and S. Maclean, eds., Representations on Power in Medieval Germany 800-1500,p.19.
    (28)K. Leyser, "Ottonian Government", The English Historical Review, Vol. 96, No. 381(Oct. 1981),pp. 721-753; Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries, London: The Hambledon Press, 1994; J. I. Nelson, Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe, The Hambledon Press, 1986.
    (29)有关阿尔特霍夫的研究，请参阅拙文《国家、王权与帝国：中古德意志政治史研究的回顾与反思》。
    (30)B. Jussen, ed., Ordering Medieval Society: Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations, trans by P. Selwyn, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, p. 255.
    (31)G. Althoff, Die Ottonen:ohne Staat, Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 2000.
    (32)B. Weiler and S. Maclean, eds., Representations on Power in Medieval Germany 800-1500, p. 17.
    (33)H. Keller, Zwischen regionaler Begrenzung und universalem Horizont: Deutschland im Imperium der Salier und Saufer, 1024 bis 1250, Frankfurt am Main:, 1990, p. 25.
    (34)H. Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism, trans. by W. E. Yuill, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002, p. 7.
    (35)R. Mckitterick, ed., The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, pp 36-37.
    (36)Widukind von Corvey, Res gestae Saxonicae/Die Sachsengeschichte(Lateinisch/Deutsch), übersetzt und herausgegeben von E. Rotter und B. Scheindmller, Stuttgart: Philip Reclam Juni, 1981, p. 107.
    (37)R. Mckitterick, ed.，The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000, p.47.