(42)Th.Jacobsen,“The Eridu Genesis”,p.516. (43)Th.Jacobsen,“The Eridu Genesis”,p.526. (44)Th.Jacobsen,“The Eridu Genesis”,p.516. (45)Th.Jacobsen,“The Spell of Nudimmud”,p.409. (46)Aa V/4,5,见M.Civil,M.W.Green,& W.G.Lambert,Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon,Vol.14,Ea A=naqu,Aa A=naqu,with their forerunners and related texts,Rome:Pontificium Institutum Biblicum,1979,p.426。 (47)Ea V MA,21,见M.Civil,M.W.Green,& W.G.Lambert,Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon,Vol.14,p.404。 (48)Aa VII/2,80,见M.Civil,M.W.Green,& W.G.Lambert,Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon,Vol.14,p.463。 (49)Proto Kagal 441-443,见M.Civil et al.,Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon,Vol.13,Izi=itu,Ká-gal=abullu and Níg-ga=makkru,Rome:Pontificium Institutum Biblicum,1971,p.79。 (50)如利韦拉尼主编的论文集就叫做《阿卡德,第一个世界帝国》(M.Liverani ed.,Akkad.the First World Empire,Padua:Sargon,1993)。 (51)《苏美尔王表》是现代学者的命名,古代名称不详。文献汇编与基础研究,见Th.Jacobsen,The Sumerian Kinglist,Chicago:University of Chricago Press,1939。 (52)eme-ha-mun是个非常有争议的词。在古代辞书中,它被解释为liān mithurti(Nabnitu IV 21),现代辞书将其译为“conflicting opinion(s)”或“contrasting tongues”(CAD:mithurtu)。凡斯提福特曾对学者的不同观点进行了归纳(H.L.J.Vanstiphout:“Another Attempt at the‘Spell of Nudimmud’”,pp.142-143)。根据他的归纳,1946年,雅各布森将其释为“mutually opposed tongues”,1987年,将其释为“bilingual”,1992年,将其释为“of opposite persuasions”。薛伯格(.Sjberg)曾提出三个建议:1)eme-ha-mun指“苏美尔语和阿卡德语”,2)指“苏美尔语”,3)指“不同语言”。兰兹伯格(B.Landsberger)认为,ha-mun的基本意思是“咸鱼,而且指被劈为两半来晒干的咸鱼”,所以,凡斯提福特认为,eme-ha-mun指“两种相互补充的(mutually complementary),从某种意义说,甚至共久远(co-extensive)的语言”(H.L.J.Vanstiphout:“Another Attempt at the‘Spell of Nudimmud’”,p.143)。后来凡斯提福特把eme-hamun 释为“双语性”(bilingualism,见H.L.J.Vanstiphout,“The Twin Tongues:Theory,Technique,and Practice of Bilingualism in Ancient Mesopotamia”,in H.L.J.Vanstipout et al.ed.,All Those Nations...Cultural Encounters Within and with the Near East:Studies Presented to Hans Drijvers at the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday by Colleagues and Students,Groningen:STYX Publications,1999,p.142)或“双语”(bilingual,见H.L.J.Vanstiphout,“The Twin Tongues:Theory,Technique,and Practice of Bilingualism in Ancient Mesopotamia”,p.141)。牛津的苏美尔文学网把eme-ha-mun释为“多种语言的”,而且指“多种语言的”舒布尔国和哈马兹国。科恩把eme-ha-mun译为“不同语言的”(different-tongued),并认为它是“人类的称号”(S.Cohen,Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta,Ph.D.Dissertation,University of Pennsylvania,1973,p.32,n.32),即人类的代名词。 (53)S.N.Kramer:“Man's Golden Age:A Sumerian Parallel to Genesis XI.1”,p.194. (54)I.J.Gelb,A Computer-Aided Analysis of Amorite,Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,1980; E.E.Knudsen,“An Analysis of Amorite.A Review article”,Journal of Cuneiform Studies,Vol.34(1982),pp.1-18. (55)D.Frayne ed.,The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia,Early Periods,Vol.2,Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334-2113 BC),Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1993,p.284. (56)B.Alster,“Dilmun,Bahrain,and the Alleged Paradise in Sumerian Myth and Literature”,p.58. (57)H.L.J.Vanstiphout:“Another Attempt at the‘Spell of Nudimmud’”,p.154. (58)115-123行讲到的让城市“跑掉”、“消失”,把它“下压”,让它“扬沙飞尘”以及受到“诅咒”、“毁灭”和“洗劫”都是阿腊塔将面临的严重后果。有时我们不能完全理解文本中讲到的毁城的具体方式,如“下压”,但通过其他文学作品可以知道“被征服”的后果是非常悲惨的。从《哀悼苏美尔与乌尔的灭亡》中可知,当苏美尔人被征服时,城市、房屋以及牛棚都被夷为平地,河渠枯竭,田地、果园和牧场成为杂草丛生的荒地,水陆交通都遭到破坏,法律与社会秩序不复存在,神庙遭到破坏,宗教礼仪被废黜,黎民百姓和国王都成为阶下囚,家园被敌人占据,与此同时,人们时时面临恐慌、饥饿和大屠杀。真可谓满目疮痍,人民的生活水深火热。如此看来,恩美卡的“洗城”威胁应该具有很大的威慑力。
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