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注释： ①本文所说的三文鱼即大西洋三文鱼(Atlantic salmon)，1758年由瑞典博物学家林奈命名为Salmo salar。 ②H. F. Wallis, "Salmon in the Thames," Illustrated London News, January 25, 1975; pg. 28; Issue 6918, Illustrated London News Ltd., Gale Document Number: HN3100515779. ③Bill Luckin, Pollution and Control: A Social History of the Thames in the Nineteenth Century, Bristol and Boston, Adam Hilger, 1986. 比尔·勒金的这本书被誉为“一部开拓性的著作，开拓一种新的历史也即关于环境的社会史的一次勇敢的尝 试。”(Anne Hardy, "Book Review on BILL LUCKIN, Pollution and Control: A Social History of the Thames in the Nineteenth Century," Medical History, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1987, pp. 233-234)继勒金之后，有更多的英美学者在其论著中涉及泰晤士河污染和复原的问题。譬如，劳伦斯·布里兹在探讨英国河流污染的经历时论及泰晤士河污染(Lawrence E. Breeze, The British Experience with River Pollution, 1865-1876, Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated, 1993)，戴尔·波特叙述了与泰晤士河污染治理有关的泰晤士河河堤(the Embankment)建设的复杂而具争议性的故事(Dale H. Porter, The Thames Embankment: Environment, Technology and Society in Victorian London, Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press, 1998)，相关评论，参见Bill Luckin, "London's Thames: The River That Shaped a City and Its History(review)," Technology and Culture, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2006, p. 846)。斯蒂芬·哈利迪重新审视了1858年发生的所谓“大恶臭”(the Great Stink)这一泰晤士河污染危机(Stephen Halliday, The Great Stink of London, Sir Joseph Bazalgette and Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis, History Press, 1999)。格罗里亚·克里夫顿解释了“都市工程委员会”(the Metropolitan Board of Works)的缘起和作用(Gloria C. Clifton, Professionalism, Patronage and Public Service in Victorian London: The Staff of the Metropolitan, Broad of Works, 1858-1889, London: Athlone Press, 1992)；该委员会是伦敦郡议会(the London County Council, 1889年建立)的前身，是为了管理19世纪中叶大规模的污水系统建设而于1856年设立的。随后，这一机构坚持拥有监督污染方面的权益，因此使“泰晤士河管理委员会”(Thames Conservancy)这一公开宣布“自主”管理泰晤士河的机构产生了敌对情绪(Bill Luckin, "London's Thames: The River That Shaped a City and Its History(review)," Technology and Culture, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2006, p. 846)。此外，罗伊·波特所撰写的《伦敦：一部社会史》触及河流问题(Roy Porter, London: A Social History, Harvard University Press, 1998)。斯蒂芬·尹伍德有关伦敦历史的两部著作阐明了与水供应和环境有着直接关联的都市政府的不断变化(Stephen Inwood, Historic London: An Explorer's Companion, Pan Macmillan, 2012; A History of London, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1998)。总的来看，在这些著作中，勒金的那部专著迄今最为重要。这不仅因为它是一部有关泰晤士河污染与治理这一主题的开拓性的专著，而且是因为其中确立了关于环境问题的社会政治分析框架。因此，虽然有如某位评论者所指出的，该书在研究方法和政治分析等等方面存在弱点(参见Anne Hardy, "Book Review on BILL LUCKIN, Pollution and control: a social history of the Thames in the nineteenth century, "Medical History, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1987, pp. 233-234)，但是它大大激发了进一步的讨论。有些评论者认为，这是一部无可争辩的跨学科的著作，它借鉴了城市史、人口史和社会医学史等领域的内容和方法，至于说这一著作因方法论或理论的创新而对环境史的兴起有什么贡献，这尚存疑问(Joyce Ellis, John Walton and John A. Hassan, "Review of Bill Luckin, Pollution and Control: A social history of the Thames in the nineteenth century," Urban History, Vol. 14, May 1987, pp. 205-206)。 ④17世纪中叶，英国作家艾萨卡·沃尔顿(Izaak Walton, c. 1594-1683)在《垂钓大全》中表达过这样的看法(Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler, or The Contemplative Man's Recreation, with Introduction by Andrew Lang, Mineola, N. Y., Dover Publications, Inc., 2003, p. 89)，还可参见R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Rview, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 579. ⑤H. F. Wallis, "Salmon in the Thames," Illustrated London News, January 25, 1975. ⑥参见法律史学术网：http://flwh.znufe.edu.cn/article_show.asp? id=874，或《自由大宪章》全文网：http://www.whblg.org/Book/Index/11033. ⑦参见Richard Shelton, To Sea and Back: The Heroic Life of the Atlantic Salmon, London: Atlantic Books, 2009。有关这一说法，还可参见Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, London: William Clowes and Son Limited, 1883, pp. 28-29，档案网：http://www.archive.org. ⑧艾萨卡·沃尔顿在《垂钓大全》中提及爱德华一世和理查二世统治时期的一些法规中包含了反对设置堰坝和陷阱阻碍三文鱼洄游的条款，见Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler, p. 38. ⑨英格兰东南部萨里郡的一个村庄。 ⑩R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 580. (11)英格兰白金汉郡的一个村庄。 (12)Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, pp. 3-4. (13)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 580. (14)Frank Buckland, Curiosities of Natural History, London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street, 1862, p. 246，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (15)当时住在那里的英国国王是乔治三世。 (16)Frank Buckland, Curiosities of Natural History, pp. 246-247. (17)Eric Hardy, "Salmon in the Thames next Year? Another Experiment to be Made," Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Jun 23, 1934; 157, 4104; British Periodicals, p. 731. 恩里克·哈迪在文中将Surley误写成了Surely。 (18)Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, p. 4. (19)C. J. Cornish, The Naturalist on the Thames, London: Seeley and Co. Limited, 1902, p. 207. (20)泰晤士河上的一个小岛，位于英格兰东南部伯克郡(Berkshire)布雷村(Bray)附近的布法尼闸(Boveney Lock)之上的河段。 (21)"The Thames as a Salmon River," The County Gentleman: Sporting Gazette, Agricultural Journal, and "The Man about Town"(London, England), Saturday, December 25, 1897; p. 1661; Issue 1859, Sourced from the British Library, Gale Document Number: DX1900948468. (22)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 580. (23)Anthony Netboy, The Atlantic Salmon, A Vanishing Species? Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1968, p. 180. (24)George Dunlop Leslie, Our River, London: Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., Bouverie Street, 1881, pp. 3, 134-156，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (25)查尔斯·弗莱尔在《三文鱼渔业》一书中完整地讲述了这一传说，见Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, pp. 2-3. (26)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 579. (27)Robert Binnell, A Description of the River Thames, with the City of London's Jurisdiction and Conservacy Right and Usage by Prescription, Charters, Acts of Parliament, Decrees, upon Hearing before the King, Letters Patents, London: Printed for T. Longman in Pater-noster-Row, 1758, pp. 21-22，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (28)Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, p. 37. (29)Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, pp. 38-39. (30)Frank Buckland, Curiosities of Natural History, p. 247. (31)转引自B. W. Clapp, An Environmental History of Britain since the Industrial Revolution, New York: Longman, 1994. p. 72. (32)Thomas Ashworth, The Salmon Fisheries of England, London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1868, pp. 10-11, 13, 27，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (33)Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler, p. 38. (34)David Milne-Home, F. R. S. E, Salmon and Salmon Fisheries, London: William Clowes and Sons, Ltd., 1883, p. 9，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (35)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 581. (36)泰晤士河边的一个小镇，历史上属于米德塞克斯郡(Middlesex)，现在属于萨里郡(Surrey)，距伦敦市中心西南21公里。 (37)转引自R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p.581. (38)关于三文鱼的生活史，参见查尔斯·弗莱尔的《三文鱼渔业》的第二章：Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, pp. 11-23. (39)丹尼尔·波特金主张，通过理解自然是如何工作的来解决环境问题。关于丹尼尔·波特金及其著作和贡献，参见www.danielbotkin.com。 (40)Daniel B. Botkin, Our Natural History: The Lessons of Lewis and Clark, Oxford University Press, USA, 2004, p. 199. (41)关于三文鱼对河水中溶解氧和温度的要求，参见J. S. Alabasteran, and P. J. Gough, "The Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Requirements of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Thames Estuary," Journal of Fish Biology, 29, 1986, pp. 613-621. (42)Albert GUnther, An Introduction to the Study of Fishes, Edinburgh, Adam and Charles Black, 1880(参见 R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 581). (43)Thomas Ashworth, The Salmon Fisheries of England, p. 29. (44)Richard Shelton, "Preface," in To Sea and Back: The Heroic Life of the Atlantic Salmon, London: Atlantic Books, 2009. (45)Frank Buckland, Curiosities of Natural History, p. 247. (46)Charles E. Fryer, The Salmon Fisheries, p. 40. (47)Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, with a Preface written in 1892, Translated by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17306/17306-h/17306-h.htm; Arnold Toynbee, Lectures on The Industrial Revolution in England, with a Preface by Arnold J. Toynbee, Boston: The Beacon Press, 1956; Paul Mantoux, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England, translated by Marjorie Vernon, London: Jonathan Cape, 1929. (48)根据这份材料中作者叙述的上下文语境判断，这指的是19世纪三四十年代。 (49)W. Naylor, Trades Waste, its Treatment and Utilisation, with Special Reference to the Prevention of River Pollution, a Hand Book for Borough Engineers, Surveyors, Architects and Analysis, London: Charles Griffin & Company, Limited, 1902, p. 2，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (50)转引自Anthony S. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 233，这部著作中有论述空气污染和水体污染的章节，因而不期然地成为当代第一部涉及泰晤士河污染问题的著作。 (51)John Bostock, "On the Spontaneous Purification of Thames Water," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London(1776-1886), 1829-01-01, Vol. 119, pp. 287-288，档案网：http://www.archive.org. (52)“脏兮兮的泰晤士老爹”(Dirty Father Thames)是1848年《庞奇》上所登载的画家威廉·纽曼(William Newman)的一幅漫画的名称，它形象生动地描述了泰晤士河的污染状况。 (53)Punch, July 23, 1859, http://www.victorianlondon.org/health/thameseondition.htm，最近登录于2013年8月14日。 (54)参见David Milne-Home, F. R. S. E, Salmon and Salmon Fisheries, p. 3. (55)Anthony S. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain, p. 233. (56)参见Bill Luckin, Pollution and Control: A Social History of the Thames in the Nineteenth Century, p.74. (57)John Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, 1855. (58)Dale H. Porter, The Thames Embankment: Environment, Technology and Society in Victorian London, p. 71. (59)关于这次事故的死亡人数，一说是590人(http://www.yellins.com/woolwichferry/thames/PrincessAlice.htm)；另一说是640人左右(http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_alice_5.html)。 (60)Anthony S. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain, p. 240. (61)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Princess_Alice_(1865). (62)Anthony S. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain, p. 240. (63)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol, 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 589. (64)G. H. O. Burgess, The Curious World of Frank Buckland, London: John Baker, Publishers, Limited, 1967, pp. 107-108. (65)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 582. (66)参见"The Thames as a Salmon River," The County Gentleman: Sporting Gazette, Agricultural Journal, and "The Man about Town"(London, England), Saturday, December 25, 1897; p. 1661; Issue 1859, Sourced from the British Library, Gale Document Number: DX1900948468; R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, pp. 588-589. (67)Thomas Ashworth, The Salmon Fisheries of England, p. 13. (68)参见郭俊：《1876年河流防污法的特征及成因探究》，北京师范大学硕士学位论文，2004年。 (69)关于包括泰晤士河污染治理在内的英国河流污染治理问题，参见拙文《“老父亲泰晤士”——一条河流的污染与治理》，《经济—社会史评论》第一辑，侯建新主编，北京：三联书店，2005年；陈瑞杰：《试论19世纪中后期英国河流的污染和治理问题》，华东师范大学硕士论文，2008年。 (70)R. B. Marston, "The Thames as a Salmon River," The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 45, No. 266, 1899, p. 582. (71)H. F. Wallis, "Salmon in the Thames," Illustrated London News, January 25, 1975; pg. 28; Issue 6918, Illustrated London News Ltd., Gale Document Number: HN3100515779. (72)惠勒先生也认同泰晤士河“最后一条”三文鱼于1833年6月被捕获的说法(参见H. F. Wallis, "Salmon in the Thames," Illustrated London News, January 25, 1975; pg. 28; Issue 6918, Illustrated London News Ltd., Gale Document Number: HN3100515779)。 (73)H. F. Wallis, "Salmon in the Thames," Illustrated London News, January 25, 1975. (74)参见Hugh R. MacCrimmon and Barra L. Gots, "World Distribution of Atlantic Salmon," Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1979, p. 440. (75)参见D. Willis, "Thames Salmon Rehabilitation Scheme: A Review of Current Position & Future Strategy," http://scholarworks.umass.edu/fishpassage_unpublished_works/216/. (76)Andrew M. Griffiths, et al., "Restoration versus Recolonisation: The Origin of Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar L.) currently in the River Thames," Biological Conservation, Vol. 144, No. 11, 2011, p. 2733, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320711002801. (77)Andrew M. Griffiths, et al., "Restoration versus Recolonisation: The Origin of Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar L.) currently in the River Thames". (78)参见H. F. Wallis, "Salmon in the Thames," Illustrated London News, January 25, 1975; pg. 28; Issue 6918, Illustrated London News Ltd., Gale Document Number: HN3100515779. (79)参见J. H. Lawton, et al., "Making Space for Nature: A Review of England's Wildlife Sites and Ecological Network, 2010," http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environmeut/biodiversity/index.htm. (责任编辑：admin) |