（32）H. Mitteis, The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe, trans. H. F. Orton, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1975, p. 5. 英文版根据德文版Der Staat des Hohen Mittelalters: Grundlinien einer vergelichenden Verfassungsgeschichte des Lehnszeitalters的第4版即1953年版译出。
    （33）H. Mitteis, The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe, p. 21.
    （34）H. Mitteis, The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe, pp. 245, 246, 247.
    （35）H. Mitteis, The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe, p. 251.
    （36）J. B. Gillingham, The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages, London: The Historical Association, 1971, pp. 24, 25.
    （37）G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984, pp. 97-98.
    （38）G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, pp. 135, 136, 137, 162.
    （39）G. Barraclough, The Origins of Modern Germany, p. 144.
    （40）“诸侯的时代”是巴勒克拉夫一书第四部分的标题。
    （41）J. B. Gillingham, The Kingdom of Germany in the High Middle Ages, pp. 4-7.
    （42）G. Barraclough（Translated with an Introduction）， Medieval Germany, 911-1250,vol. Ⅱ， Essays by German Historians, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1948, p. 8.
    （43）G. Barraclough, trans. , Medieval Germany, 911-1250, vol. Ⅱ， Essays by German Historians, pp. 18, 19.
    （44）G. Barraclough, trans. , Medieval Germany, 911-1250, vol. Ⅱ， Essays by German Historians, pp. 24-25.
    （45）G. Barraclough, trans. , Medieval Germany, 911-1250, vol. Ⅱ， Essays by German Historians, pp. 26, 27.
    （46）G. Barraclough, trans. , Medieval Germany, 911-1250, vol. Ⅱ， Essays by German Historians, p. 29.
    （47）G. Barraclough, trans. , Medieval Germany, 911-1250, vol. Ⅱ， Essays by German Historians, p. 179.
    （48）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, pp. 454, 455, 448.
    （49）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, pp. 395-396.
    （50）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, p. 400.
    （51）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, p. 402.
    （52）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, p. 396.
    （53）J. Gillingham, “Elective Kingship and the Unity of Medieval Germany, “German History, vol. 9, 1991, pp. 124-135.
    （54）S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, pp. 292-297.
    （55）P. E. Schramm, Kaiser, Rom, und Renovatio, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1929; Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik, 3vols. , Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1954-1956; E. H. Kantorowicz, Laudes Regiae: A Study in Liturgical Acclamations and Medieval Ruler Worship, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948; The King‘ s Two Bodies, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957.
    （56）J. M. Bak, “Medieval Symbology of the State: Percy E. Schramm’ s Contribution, “Viator, vol. 4, 1973, pp. 33-63.
    （57）B. Weiler and S. Maclean, eds. , Representations of Power in Medieval Germany 800-1500, p. 19.
    （58）”符号交流“（symbolic communication）是阿尔特霍夫导入中古史研究领域的一个术语，指把言谈举止作为政治交流的手段。参见B. Weiler and S. Maclean, eds. , Representations of Power in Medieval Germany 800-1500, p. 4.
    （59）K. Leyser, Communications and Power in Medieval Europe, London: The Hambledon Press, 1994, pp. 21-49.
    （60）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, pp. 388-412.
    （61）G. Althoff, Die Macht der Rituale: Symbolik und Herrschaft im Mittelalter, Darmstadt: Wissenschftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2003, p. 199.
    （62）J. Barrow, “Playing by the Rules: Conflict Management in Tenth-and Eleventh-Century Germany, “Early Medieval Europe, vol. 11, 2002, pp. 389-396.
    （63）G. Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter: Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde, Darmstadt: Primus Verlag, 1997.
    （64）G. Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter: Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde, p. 1.
    （65）G. Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik im Mittelalter: Kommunikation in Frieden und Fehde, p. 2.
    （66）P. Buc, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
    （67）P. Linehan and J. L. Nelson, eds. , The Medieval World, London: Routledge, 2001, p. 189.
    （68）这里的早期帝国是指奥托王朝时期和萨利安王朝初期的德意志。
    （69）K. Leyser, “Ottonian Government, “The English Historical Review, vol. 96, no. 381（Oct. 1981）， pp. 721-753.
    （70）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammet, 2000.
    （71）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, p. 243.
    （72）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, p. 230.
    （73）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, p. 231.
    （74）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, p. 232.
    （75）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, pp. 232, 233.
    （76）G. Althoff, Die Ottonen: Knigsherrschaft ohne Staat, p. 236.
    （77）T. Reuter, Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities, pp. 325-354.
    （78）C. R. Bowlus, “The Early Kaiserreich in Recent German Historiography, “Central European History, vol. 23, no. 4（Dec. 1990）， pp. 349-367.
    作者简介：侯树栋，北京师范大学历史学院教授。