注释：
    ①S.Hendrickx,"Sequence Dating and Predynastic Chronology," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,Chicago:The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago,2011,pp.15-16.
    ②皮特里在其后来的著作中更正了起初的观点(W.M.F.Petrie,Seventy Years in Archaeology,London:Sampson Low,1931,pp.5-6)，但是不少学者有意无意地对他的设想进行解释和发挥，参见T.A.H.Wilkinson,Early Dynastic Egypt,London and New York:Routledge,1999,pp.3-7.
    ③W.M.F.Petrie,Corpus of Prehistoric Pottery and Palettes.London:British School of Archaeology in Egypt,1921,pp.12-14.
    ④S.Hendrickx,"Sequence Dating and Predynastic Chronology," p.14.在埃及学界，学者们把埃及统一王国建立之前的史前史称为“文化”，如“涅迦达文化”，而把之后的历史称为“文明”。本文作者也采用这种传统的称呼。从这个意义上说，古代埃及文明的产生与统一的王权国家的建立可以相提并论。关于古代西亚和北非文明的诞生、界定等问题，参见D.Wengrow,What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of the West,New York:Oxford University Press,2010,pp.3-8.
    ⑤A.Bekerie,"The Ancient African Past and the Field of Africana Studies," Journal of Black Studies,vol.37,no.3,2007,pp.445-446.
    ⑥K.E.Piquette,Writing,"Art" and Society:A Contextual Archaeology of the Inscribed Labels of Late Predynastic-Early Dynastic Egypt.Dissertation of the Institute of Archaeology,University College London,2007,pp.38-40⑦W.B.Emery,Archaic Egypt,Harmondsworth:Penguin Books Ltd.,1961.pp.268-269; A.J.Arkell,"Ancient Egypt:Conquest or Migration?" Journal of African History,vol.4,no.1,1963,pp.130-132.
    ⑧L.Koenen,"Greece,the Near East,and Egypt:Cyclic Destruction in Hesiod and the Catalogue of Women," Transactions of the American Philological Association,vol.124,1994,pp.20-22.
    ⑨E.Braun,"Early Interaction between Peoples of the Nile Valley and the Southern Levant," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.108-109.
    ⑩甚至在历史时期，尼罗河以西现今被称为利比亚沙漠的广袤地区散落着若干绿地，从北到南最为著名的分别为西瓦(Siwa)、巴赫里亚(Bahria)、法拉弗拉(Farafra)、达克拉(Dachla)和卡佳(Charga)。参见E.Otto und W.Helck,eds.,Lexikon der gyptologie,Vol.IV,Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz,1982,S.541-542.
    (11)T.Wilkinson,The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt,New York:Random House,2010,pp.22-23.
    (12)T.P.Harrison,"Economics with an Entrepreneurial Spirit:Early Bronze Trade with Late Predynastic Egypt," The Biblical Archaeologist,vol.56,no.2,1993,pp.83-85.
    (13)R.J.Wenke,"Egypt:Origins of Complex Societies," Annual Review of Anthropology,vol.18,1989,pp.129-135; H.T.Wright,"Early State Dynamics as Political Experiment," Journal of Anthropological Research,vol.62,no.3,2006,pp.305-306.
    (14)R.L.Chruch and T.L.Bell,"An Analysis of Ancient Egyptian Settlement Patterns Using Location-Allocation Covering Models," Annals of the Association of American Geographers,vol.78,no.4,1988,pp.702-703.
    (15)H.Barnard,"The Archaeology of Pastoral Nomads between the Nile and the Red Sea," in J.Szuchman,ed.,Nomads,Tribes,and the State in the Ancient Near East:Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2009,pp.15-18.
    (16)A.Stevenson,"Material Culture of the Predynastic Period," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,p.65.
    (17)H.N.Barakat,"Regional Pathways to Agriculture in Northeast Africa," in F.A.Hassan,ed.,Droughts,Food and Culture:Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa's Later Prehistory,New York:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2002,pp.111-113.
    (18)M.Rossignol-Strick,"Holocene Climatic Changes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Spread of Food Production from Southwest Asia to Egypt," in F.A.Hassan,ed.,Droughts,Food and Culture:Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa's Later Prehistory,p.166.
    (19)N.Ch.Math,"Eine innere Chronologic der Badarikultur? Mglichkeiten und Aspekte," in M.Bietak,ed.,gypten und Levante,Vol.XVII,Wien:sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften,2007,S.212.