(20)R.J.Wenke,"Egypt:Origins of Complex Societies," pp.140-142.
    (21)Y.Tristant and B.Midant-Reynes,"The Predynastic Cultures of the Nile Delta," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.47-48.
    (22)T.Earle,How Chiefs Come to Power,Stanford,California:Stanford University Press,1997,pp.67-70.
    (23)N.Yoffee,Myths of the Archaic State:Evolution of the Earliest Cities,States and Civilizations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004,pp.20-25.
    (24)B.J.Kemp,Ancient Egypt:Anatomy of a Civilization,London and New York:Routledge,1989,pp.46-47.
    (25)J.Szuchman,"Integrating Approaches to Nomads,Tribes,and the State in the Ancient Near East," in J.Szuchman,ed.,Nomads,Tribes,and the State in the Ancient Near East:Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives,pp.7-8.
    (26)金寿福：《文化传播在古代埃及早期国家形成过程中所起的作用》，《社会科学战线》2003年第6期，第138-144页。
    (27)E.Braun,"Early Interaction between Peoples of the Nile Valley and the Southern Levant," pp.120-122.
    (28)T.Wilkinson,"The Early Dynastic Period," in A.B.Lloyd,ed.,A Companion to Ancient Egypt,Vol.I,West Sussex:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,2010,pp.58-61.
    (29)B.B.Williams,"Relations between Egypt and Nubia in the Naqada Period," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.83-84.
    (30)从考古发掘的结果来判断，古代埃及最早专业化的手工艺是陶器生产，完成这一专业化的地点则在上埃及，参见S.Hendrickx,"Crafts and Craft Specialization," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.95-98.
    (31)D.Wengrow,"The Invention of Writing in Egypt," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.99-100.
    (32)G.Dreyer,Umm el-Qaab I:Das prdynastische Knigsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse,Mainz:Verlag Philipp yon Zabern,1998,pp.181-182.
    (33)E.C.Khler,"Prehistory," in A.B.Lloyd,ed.,A Companion to Ancient Egypt,Vol.I,pp.25-27.
    (34)A.Shryock and D.L.Smail,eds.,Deep History:The Architecture of Past and Present,Berkeley:University of California Press,2011,pp.30-39.
    (35)S.Hendrickx,"Iconography of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.80-81.
    (36)E.J.Baumgartel,"Some Remarks on the Origins of the Titles of the Archaic Egyptian Kings," The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,vol.61,1975,pp.28-32.
    (37)金寿福：《古代埃及神权与王权之间的互动和联动》，《北京大学学报》2010年第6期，第79-89页。
    (38)Manetho,History of Egypt and Other Works,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1940,pp.10-12; D.O' Connor,"The Narmer Palette:A New Interpretation," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.145-150.
    (39)W.Kaiser,"Zur Entstehung des gesamtgyptischen Staates," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts,vol.46,1990,S.287-289.
    (40)K.Lange und M.Hirmer,gypten:Architektur,Plastik,Malerei in drei Jahrtausenden,München:Hirmer Verlag,1967,S.4-5.
    (41)D.O'Connor,"The Narmer Palette:A New Interpretation," pp.145-152.
    (42)T.A.H.Wilkinson,"A New King in the Western Desert," The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,vol.81,1995,p.205.
    (43)E.Otto und W.Helck,eds.,Lexikon der gyptologie,Vol.III,Wiesbaden:Otto Harrassowitz,1980,S.1015-1033.
    (44)金寿福：《古代埃及早期统一的国家形成过程》，《世界历史》2010年第3期，第19-25页。
    (45)G.A.Wainwright,"The Red Crown in Early Prehistoric Times," The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,vol.9,no.1-2,1923,pp.30-33; J.Assmann,gypten:Eine Sinngeschichte,München:Carl Hanser Verlag,1996,p.19.