(46)T.Hikade,"Getting the Ritual Right:Fishtail Knives in Predynastic Egypt," in S.Meyer,ed.,Egypt-Temple of the Whole World:Studies in Honour of Jan Assmann,Leiden and New York:Brill,2003,pp.150-151. (47)G.Dreyer,Umm el-Qaab I:Das prdynastische Koenigsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse,pp.130-131. (48)R.J.Wenke,"Egypt:Origins of Complex Societies," pp.129-135. (49)W.B.Emery,Archaic Egypt,pp.39-40. (50)K.M.Cialowicz,"The Predynastic/Early Dynastic Period at Tell el-Farkha," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.63-64. (51)E.C.Khler,"The Rise of the Egyptian State," in E.Teeter,ed.,Before the Pyramids:The Origins of Egyptian Civilization,pp.123-124. (52)S.di Lernia,"Dry Climatic Events and Cultural Trajectories:Adjusting Middle Holocene Pastoral Economy of the Libyan Sahara," in F.A.Hassan,ed.,Droughts,Food and Culture:Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa's Later Prehistory,pp.246-247. (53)E.J.Rohling et al.,"Rapid Holocene Climate Changes in the Eastern Mediterranean," in F.A.Hassan,ed.,Droughts,Food and Culture:Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa's Later Prehistory,pp.43-44. (54)M.Rossignol-Strick,"Holocene Climatic Changes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Spread of Food Production from Southwest Asia to Egypt," p.167. (55)如文中已经提及,荷鲁斯原是希拉康波里城的地方神,埃及统一的国家建立以后便成为王权的保护神。面对这些新出土的遗址,我们可以认为这条埃及与利凡特之间文化交流和贸易往来的线路不是历史时期而是早在史前时期就已经形成。 (56)T.E.Levy et al.,"New Light on King Narmer and the Protodynastic Egyptian Presence in Canaan," The Biblical Archaeologist,vol.58,no.1,1995,pp.26-29. (57)S.Yeivin,"Additional Notes on the Early Relations between Canaan and Egypt," Journal of Near Eastern Studies,vol.27,no.1,1968,pp.37-40. (58)S.A.Rosen,"History does not Repeat Itself:Cyclicity and Particularism in Nomad-Sedentary Relations in the Negev in the Long Term," in J.Szuchman,ed.,Nomads,Tribes,and the State in the Ancient Near East:Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives,pp.58-59. (59)A.J.Peden,The Graffiti of Pharaonic Egypt:Scope and Roles of Informal Writings(c.3100-332 B.C.),Leiden and Boston:Brill,2001,p.2. (60)M.A.S.Martin,"Egyptians at Ashkelon? An assemblage of Egyptian and EgyptianStyle Pottery," in M.Bietak,ed.,gypten unit Levante,Vol.XVIII,Wien:sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften,2008,S.245-246. (61)一些学者甚至相信,统一的埃及国家诞生之后与利凡特地区日益频繁的接触促进了古代巴勒斯坦地区城邦式政治体的形成,参见S.Yeivin,"Additional Notes on the Early Relations between Canaan and Egypt," Journal of Near Eastern Studies,vol.27,1968,pp.49-50. (62)T.P.Harrison,"Economics with an Entrepreneurial Spirit:Early Bronze Trade with Late Predynastic Egypt," pp.81-83. (63)M.Wright,"Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria:Contacts between Egypt and Syro-Palestine during the Protodynastic period," The Biblical Archaeologist,vol.48,no.4,1985,pp.240-243. (64)E.D.Oren,"A New Fortress on the Edge of the Eastern Nile Delta," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research,no.256,1984,pp.38-40. (65)E.M.Schortman,"Interregional Interaction in Prehistory:The Need for a New Perspective," American Antiquity,vol.54,no.1,1989,pp.60-61. (66)A.Erman und H.Grapow,eds.,Wrterbuch der gyptischen Sprache,Vol.4,Berlin:Akademie-Verlag,1971,S.348. (67)T.E.Levy et al.,"Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction at Nahal Tillah,Israel(ca.4500-3000 B.C.E.):An Interim Report on the 1994-1995 Excavations," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research,no.307,1997,pp.45-46.
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