(20)David W.Galenson,White Servitude in Colonial America:An Economic Analysis,p.97.
    (21)David W.Galenson,White Servitude in Colonial America,p.17.
    (22)Aaron Fogleman,"Migrations to the Thirteen British North American Colonies,1700-1775:New Estimates," Journal of Interdisciplinary History,vol.22,no.4(Spring 1992),p.693.
    (23)Aaron S.Fogleman,"From Slaves,Convicts,and Servants to Free Passengers:The Transformation of Immigration in the Era of the American Revolution," The Journal of American History,vol.85,no.1(Jun.1998),p.44.
    (24)德意志赎身者移民始于1680年以后，1730年后加速，1740年代末进入高潮，一直到北美革命爆发结束。相应地，每年进入宾夕法尼亚的移民商船从18世纪20年代每年3艘增长到40年代末的7艘。1749年入境移民人数达到9500多人。此后10年间，年均移民约5600人。Marianne S.Wokeck，“German and Irish Immigration to Colonial Philadelphia,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society，vol.133，no.2(Jun.1989)，p.132，http://links.jstor,org/sici?sici=0003-049X,2008年10月25日。
    (25)Aaron S.Fogleman，“From Slaves，Convicts，and Servants to Free Passengers，”p.46.反过来说，迁入该地区的自由白人分别占1607-1699年和1700-1755年的20％和10％。参见David Eltis，Coerced and Free Migration：Global Perspectives，Stanford，California：Stanford University Press，2002，p.118.
    (26)Roger Daniels,Coming to America:A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life,New York:Harper Collins Publishers,1990,p.37.
    (27)美国建国后，契约移民日渐减少，仅占1820年的5％，绝对数量不过20人，1830年彻底消失。至此，契约工移民时代宣告结束。参见Farley Grubb，“The End of European Immigrants Servitude in the United States：An Economic Analysis of Market Collapse，1772-1835，”The Journal of Economic History，vol.54，no.4(Dec.1994)，pp.799，819.
    (28)Farley Grubb,"Immigrant Servant Labor:Their Occupational and Geographic Distribution in the Late Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic Economy," Social Science History,vol.9,no.3(Summer 1985),p.249,http://linksjstor.orgsici?sici=0145-5532，2008年3月27日。
    (29)John Wareing,Emigrants to America,pp.9,11.
    (30)Peter Wilson Coldham,Bonded Passengers to America,vol.8,Northern Circuit:1665-1775,Baltimore:Genealogical Publishing Co.,1983,pp.19,11-45.
    (31)Eric Williams,Capitalism and Slavery,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1994,p.10.
    (32)Klaus J.Bade,Migration in European History,p.6; Jordan Goodman and Katrina Honeyman,Gainful Pursuits:The Making of Industrial Europe 1600-1914,London:Edward Arnold,1988,pp.6,76.
    (33)John Langton,"Proletarianization in the Industrial Revolution:Regionalism and Kinship in the Labour Markets of the British Coal Industry from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,vol.25,no.1,2000,pp.31-32.
    (34)David Nicholas,Urban Europe,1100-1700,Hamshire:Palgrave Macmillan,2003,p.43.
    (35)Peter Clark and David Souden,eds.,Migration and Society in Early Modern England,London:Hutchinson Education,1987,pp.59,156,269-270.
    (36)Robert J.Steinfeld,The Invention of Free Labor,pp.3-4.