(63)陈晓律、于文杰、陈日华:《英国发展的历史轨迹》,南京大学出版社2009年版,第284-296页。 (64)R.H.Tawney,Equality,pp.71-74,146-162. (65)托尼:《社会主义之教育政策》,第104页。笔者还没有见到此书英文本,这里使用的是前面提及的1930年的中文译本。其文字的风格与现代汉语有所不同。 (66)托尼:《社会主义之教育政策》,第115-116页。 (67)托尼:《社会主义之教育政策》,第117页。 (68)R.H.Tawney,"Keep the Workers' Children in Their Place," in The Radical Tradition:Twelves Essays on Politics,Education and Literature,New York:Pantheon Books,1964,pp.47-51. (69)R.H.Tawney,"The Problem of the Public Schools," in The Radical Tradition,pp.52-69,此处pp.52-56. (70)R.H.Tawney,"The Problem of the Public Schools," pp.57-69.托尼关于教育自由的引语见第69页。 (71)R.H.Tawney,"An Experiment in Democratic Education," in The Radical Tradition,pp.70-81. (72)The Workers' Educational Association and Adult Education,in The Radical Tradition,pp.82-93. (73)R.H.Tawney,"An Experiment in Democratic Education," p.74. (74)R.H.Tawney,Equality,pp.104-116; "A Note on Christianity and the Social Order," pp.190-191. (75)R.H.Tawney,"British Socialism Today," in The Radical Tradition,pp.168-180,此处p.178. (76)托尼:《宗教与资本主义的兴起》,塞利格曼所写“学报版导言”,第22页。 (77)R.H.Tawney,"Keep the Workers' Children in Their Place," pp.50-51. (78)R.H.Tawney,Equality,p.222. (79)R.H.Tawney,The Acquisitive Society,pp.183-184. (80)R.H.Tawney,"Social Democracy in Britain,"in The Radical Tradition,pp.138-167.当然,这一观点与美国流行的观念格格不入。参见Felix Morley,"The Trends of Nation's Business," Natioin' s Business 38:11(November 1950),pp.17-18。 (81)R.H.Tawney,"British Socialism Today," in The Radical Tradition,pp.168-169. (82)Norman Dennis and A.H.Halsey,English Ethical Socialism,pp.239,245-251. (83)Norman Dennis and A.H.Halsey,English Ethical Socialism,pp.252-263. (84)R.H.Tawney,"We Mean Freedom," The Attack and Other Papers,pp.82-100; "Social Democracy in Britain," pp.162-164. (85)Richard Wolley,The Ethical Foundation of Socialism:The Influence of William Temple and R.H.Tawney on New Labour,pp.187-194.在20世纪60年代以后的英国,托尼的资本主义批判也受到反批评,有些学者和社会人士对托尼的道德说教和乐观精神的可行性表示怀疑。但是布莱尔工党政府之成功扭转撒切尔夫人自由主义经济和社会政策,以及学者对托尼思想的持续关注,已经证明了托尼的精神和他的平等观念仍然有着强大的生命力。参见Adam B.Seligman,“R.H.Tawney and Scholarship,”Society 35:6(September/October,1998),pp.59-65; Stefan Collini,“Reconsiderations:The Acquisitive Society,” Dissent 45:3(Summer 1998),pp.93-99; Anonymous,“Leader”,New Statesman(27 April 2009),p.4; Anthony Wight,“The Tawney Tradition,”New Statesman and Society(2 December 1988),pp.41-42; David A Martin,“R.H.Tawney as Political Economist,”and“R.H.Tawney as Economist,”Journal of Economic Issues 16(1982),pp.535-543,829-853。 (86)韦伯:《新教伦理与资本主义精神》,第105-106页。 (87)Wolfgang J.Mommsen,“Max Weber as a Critic of Marxism,”The Canadian Journal of Sociology 2 (1977),pp.373-398.与托尼将资本主义理解为贪婪社会的思路不同,韦伯不仅把新教伦理影响下形成的“资本主义精神”界定为商人对金钱利益的追求,还认为这一精神将无产者劳动也看做一种“天职”。也就是说,韦伯的着眼点是资本主义起源的精神文化条件,而不是对资本主义进行不留情的批判。温特曾经指出,与韦伯试图“脱离价值判断”的思路不同,托尼所关注的主要是基督教伦理如何在资本主义兴起时一度丧失了抵抗以及它将如何再度对资本主义进行批判。针对埃尔顿对托尼的抱怨,温特指出,学者的社会价值观念对他的研究产生影响并不是一件坏事,埃尔顿与其摆出居高临下的架势,倒不如坦诚地承认自己不赞成托尼反资本主义的政治活动和基督教价值观。参见Hisao Ostuka,The Spirit of Capitalism:The Max Weber Thesis in an Economic Historical Perspective,Tokyo:Iwanami Shoten,1982,pp.145-163; J.M.Winter,“Introduction,” in idem,ed.,History and Society:Essays by R.H.Tawney,pp.21-24,34-35. (88)Michael H.Lessnoff,The Spirit of Capitalism and the Protestant Ethic:An Enquiry into the Weber Thesis,Aldershot:Edward Elgar,1994,pp.105-114.莱斯诺夫并不认为韦伯在刻意为资本主义辩护,但是他指出,当撒切尔夫人在以基督教道德论证自己的经济政策的时候,她的确借助了韦伯的思路。也就是说,韦伯对资本主义缺乏道德批判的评价,使得他的思想在撒切尔夫人那里得到再生,尽管可能是被扭曲的再生。 (89)Ross Terrill,R.H.Tawney and His Times:Socialism as Fellowship,p.280.由资本主义批判到具体的社会主义社会建设实践和理论将会是一个缓慢渐进的过程,社会主义制度的完善更需要长期的耐心探索。没有这份耐心的一些西方学者经常指责托尼对市场经济的“敌意”是天真和不切实际的。参见Jim Tomlinson,“The Limits of Tawney's Ethical Socialism:A Historical Perspective on the Labour Party and the Market,”Contemporary British History 16(2002),pp.1-16。
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