(90)图案见O.Bopearachchi,Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques,Catalogue raisonné,PL.32(Menandre(1)Soter,28-29);PL.33(Menandre(1)Soter,37). (91)O.Bopearachchi,Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques,Catalogue raisonné,pp.387-389. (92)The Questions of King Milinda,pp.373-374(no.420); Milinda's Questions,vol.Ⅱ,pp.304-305(no.420).《大正新修大藏经·论集部》全第32卷no.1670(A.B)《那先比丘经卷下》均有弥兰王“欲弃国去而行学道”之语(第703、719页)。 (93)Plutarch,Moralia,821D. (94)除此之外,还有其他的雅典娜形象,详见O.Bopearachchi,Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indogrecques,Catalogue raisonné,PL.26-33 Menandre(1)Soter,1-21,23-24,27,31-32,39. (95)Mahavamsa,Chapter XXIX,translated from Pali by Wilhelm Geiger,Colombo:Ceylon Government Information Dept.,1912. (96)O.Bopearachchi,Indo-Greek,Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Coins in the Smithsonian Institution,p.19,n.4. (97)W.W.Tarn,The Greeks in the Bactria and India,p.388.也见约翰·马歇尔:《塔克西拉》,第58页。 (98)Ksemendra,Stupavadana,Chapter 57,v15.Quoted in E.Seldeslachts,"The End of the Road for the Indo-Greeks?" Iranica Antiqua,vol.XXXIX,2004,pp.249-296. (99)其实Garuda也是佛教中成就如来佛(Amoghasiddhi)的坐骑。 (100)S.M.Burstein,The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Iposos to the Death of Kleopatra Ⅶ,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985,p.72. (101)W.W.Tarn,The Greeks in the Bactria and India,1951,p.380. (102)W.W.Tarn,The Greeks in the Bactria and India,1951,pp.380-381. (103)原文依据英译翻译如下:“少年时,举止得当;年轻时,学会自制;中年时,正义行事;老年时,良言善导;寿终时,死而无憾。”但英译版本颇多,笔者主要参照以下两处译成:(1)M.M.Austin,The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest:A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation,Cambridge University Press,1981,no.192,p.315.(2)Paul Bernard,"An Ancient Greek City in Central Asia," Scientific American,vol.246,Jan.1982,p.157. (104)关于犍陀罗艺术的源流、成因、时间,学术界争论颇多。本文仅就印度-希腊人在其中所起的作用做一些说明,但并不排除它的印度本土文化渊源和其他外来文化因素的影响与加入。 (105)O.Bopearachchi,Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques,Catalogue raisonné,p.381; PL.7,(Agathcle,9-11,Pantalena,6); O.Bopearachchi,Indo-Greek,Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Coins in the Smithsonian Institution,p.23. (106)O.Bopearachchi,Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques,Catalogue raisonné,p.381; PL.31-33(Menandre(1)Soter,25,28-30,36-37). (107)出土地不详,图片及说明见http://kaladarshan.arts.ohio-state.edu/resources/lectures/668/04.pdf关于这些盥洗盘上的希腊化文化风格,见约翰·马歇尔:《塔克西拉》,第696-704页,图版144-146。J.Marshall,The Buddhist Art of Gandhara,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1960,PL.11-16 (108)参见W.W.Tarn,The Greeks in the Bactria and India,1951,pp.399-404.也有学者认为毛伊斯钱币上的人物是国王,但承认这是佛陀坐像的原型。(Elizabeth Errington,Joe Cribb and Maggie Claringbull,eds.,The Crossroads of Asia:Trans formation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,Cambridge:Ancient India and Iran Trust,1992,pp.47,63.参见穆罕默德·瓦利乌拉·汗:《犍陀罗艺术》,陆水林译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第96-98页)。马歇尔则全然否定Maues钱币上有佛陀的形象。(约翰·马歇尔:《塔克西拉》,第94-95页) (109)Elizabeth Errington,Joe Cribb and Maggie Claringbull,eds.,The Crossroads of Asia:Transformation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,pp.186-192. (110)参见R.格鲁塞:《从希腊到中国》,常书鸿译,杭州:浙江人民美术出版社,1985年,第28页;Rafique Ali Jairazbhoy,Foreign Influence in Ancient India,Bombay,New York:Asia Pub.House,1963,p.145. (111)马歇尔虽然把犍陀罗艺术的第一个繁荣期归于公元1-2世纪,但把该艺术流派的形成归于印度-斯基泰人统治印度西北部之时,即公元前不久才形成的,认为印度-希腊人的文化遗产是犍陀罗艺术形成的因素之一,希腊人对它的影响可以追溯到公元前2世纪。参见J.Marshall,The Buddhist Art of Gandhara,pp.xv,5-6,17-25;约翰·马歇尔:《塔克西拉》,第51-52页。 (112)Paul Bernard,"An Ancient Greek City in Central Asia," Scientific American,vol.246,Jan.1982,pp.148-159. (113)前者主要是石雕,后者主要是泥塑。约翰·马歇尔:《塔克西拉》,第90-91页。 (114)详见Rafique Ali Jairazbhoy,Foreign Influence in Ancient India,pp.48-109.但该作者认为犍陀罗艺术是罗马影响的结果,故在“希腊文化对印度的影响”一章中未予涉及。
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