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注释： [2] 黄春高：《15、16世纪英国农村工资劳动者的历史考察》，载北京大学历史学系编：《北大史学》(10)，北大出版社2004年出版，第174—197页。 [3] 俞金尧：《欧洲历史上家庭概念的演变及其特征》，载《世界历史》2004年第4期。 [4] 王超华：《中世纪英国庄仆探微》，载《史学理论研究》2012年第3期。王超华：《中世纪英国乡村仆从研究》，未刊稿。 [5] 参见〔古希腊〕亚里士多德：《政治学》卷一，吴寿彭译，商务印书馆1995年版。 [6] Ann Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp.9-10. Cissie Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies: Servants and Their Masters in Old Regime France, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984, pp.3-5. [7] 根据农场中的短工和佣人所使用的工具，也可以看出他们之间所从事的劳动是有区别的。佣人的工作主要是照看马和其他牲畜，这是一项从早到晚需要不间断干的工作。但是，挖渠、打谷、除草等工作有较强的季节性由短工来干，他们自备工具。见A. Hassell Smith, “Labourers in Late 16-Century England”， Continuity and Change 4(1), 1989, p.17. [8] Peter Laslett,“Characteristics of the Western Family Considered Over Time”,in P. Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations, Cambridge University Press, 1977, p.34. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost：England Before the Industrial Age，New York， 1984，p.16. [9] 哈捷诺总结了佣人的7个特点,而库斯莫尔提出了4个特点。见Hajnal,“Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System’，in R.Wall, Jean Robin and P. Laslett, eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp.96-97. Ann Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England, p. 31. [10] Hajnal,“Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System’，in R.Wall, Jean Robin and P. Laslett, eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe, p.96. [11] P. Laslett, “Mean Household Size in England since the Sixteenth Century“,in P. Laslett and R.W all, eds., Household and Family in Past Time：Comparative Studies in the Size and Structure of the Domestic Group Over the Last Three Centuries，Cambridge， 1972，p.152. [12] Barbara A.Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound:Peasant Families in Medieval England, Oxford, 1986, p.164. [13] P.Laslett,“Clayworth and Cogenhoe“,in P. Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations, p.90. Graham Mayhew,”Lifecycle Service and the Family Unit in Early Modern Rye“，Continuity and Change 6(2), 1992，p.206. [14] Cissie Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies, pp.1-2. [15] Cissie Fairchlds, Domestic Enemies, p.2. (责任编辑：admin) |