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[16] J.Hajnal, “Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System“,in R.Wall, J. Robin and P. Laslett, eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe, Table2.14, p.96. [17] Ann Kussmaul, Servants in Husbandry in Early Modern England, pp.3,70, p. 173. note3. 麦克法兰对未婚的年轻人做佣人的比率估计更高,认为处在青春期到结婚之间的年轻人中,大约有2/3的男性和3/4的女性没有与父母一起生活,而去做了佣人。Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin: A Seventeenth Century Clergyman, New York, 1970, p.209. [18] 有关奥地利的情况可见Michael Mitterauer,“Servants and Youth“, Continuity and Change 5(1), 1990, pp. 15- 21.有关冰岛、挪威、佛兰德和丹麦的统计数据,可参见J. Hajnal,”Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System“,in R.Wall, et al., eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe, Table2.12 and 2.13. p.94. [19] P. Laslett, The World We Have Lost, New York,1984, p.13. [20] P. Laslett, The World We Have Lost, p.308，note 26. [21] P. Laslett,“Characteristic of the Western Family Considered Over Time“,in P. Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations, pp.32-33.Table1.6. [22] P. Laslett,“Mean Household Size in England since the Sixteenth Century’,in P. Laslett and R.Wall, eds., Household and Family in Past Time, p.154.Table 4.16. [23]见Marjorie K. McIntosh,“Servants and the Household Unit in an Elizabethan English Community”, Journal of Family History, Spring 1984, p.15. Table 4. [24]见Laslett, P.,“Clayworth and Cogenhoe”,in Laslett, P.， Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations, p.93. Table2.17. [25]见D.A. Kent,“Ubiguitous but Invisible: Female Domestic Servant in Mid-Eighteenth Century London“, History Workshop Journal, Issue 28, Autumn 1989, p.120. [26] Cissie Fairchilds,“Masters and Servants in Eighteenth Century Toulouse“, Journal of Social History,Vol.12,No.3, Spring1979, p.371.J.Jean Hecht, The Domestic Servant Class in Eighteenth Century England, London, 1956, pp. 15-19. [27] Grant Mc Cracken,“The Exchange of Children in Tudor England: An Anthropological Phenomenon in Historical Context“, Journal of Family History,Vol.8, No.4. Winter,1983, p.307. Pamela Horn, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant, New York,1975,p.2. [28] 关于这位意大利人的评说,可参见Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, Translated by Robert Baldick, New York,1962, p.365.Robert W. Habenstein, The Family in Various Cultures,1967, p.239.Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound, p.157 [29] 埃里斯肯定了这种说法,认为中世纪的西方,这是一种普遍的做法,儿童与佣人的概念常常是分不开的。见Ariès, P., Centuries of Childhood, pp.365-366. [30] J. Hajnal.，“Two Kinds of Pre-industrial Household Formation System“,in R. Wall, et al., eds., Family Forms in Historic Europe, pp.94,96. (责任编辑：admin) |